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PSY1019 Social Psychology with Research Methods 1 > 4- What is the Self? > Flashcards

4- What is the Self? Flashcards

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1
Q

How was the self previously measured?

A

By asking people to create 20 sentences starting with ‘I am’

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2
Q

What was the problem with the old way of measuring the self? (2 points)

A
  • Hard to quantify as very open ended and subjective
  • Lacking in theory and what it actually tells us
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3
Q

What are included in A mode responses?

A

Physical characteristics

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4
Q

What are included in B mode responses?

A

Roles and statuses, as well as socially defined relationships one may have

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5
Q

What are included in C mode responses?

A

Personal traits and preferences, as well as styles of behaviour

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6
Q

What are included in D mode responses?

A

General statements

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7
Q

Who was William James?

A

One of the earliest psychologists to write about the self

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8
Q

How did James describe the self?

A

The self contains two aspects- self can be both the subject and the object

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9
Q

How is the concept of the self unique to humans?

A

We are the only species who have a capacity to reflect on and think about ourselves and be aware of ourselves

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10
Q

What is the “I” part of the self?

A

Stream of consciousness and the sense of being aware of oneself

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11
Q

How does the “I” see the self?

A

As the subject

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12
Q

What is included in the “I”?

A

Thinking, feeling, and knowing

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13
Q

How does the “me” see the self?

A

As the object

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14
Q

What is included in the “me”?

A

Knowledge, thoughts, feelings, behaviours

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15
Q

What is the “me” also called sometimes?

A

Self-concept

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16
Q

What can beliefs about the self be?

A

Very useful

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17
Q

Why is knowing who you are across situations and times important?

A

For coherency

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18
Q

What is included in the ABC model of “me”?

A

Affect, behaviour, cognition

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19
Q

What is included in the affect aspect?

A

Feelings toward the self

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20
Q

What 3 aspects are included in feelings toward the self?

A

Whether you like yourself
Your confidence
Extent that you feel worthy and valuable

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21
Q

What important concept is included in someone’s affect?

A

Self-esteem

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22
Q

What is behaviour in the ABC model also called?

A

Self-presentation

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23
Q

How do we try to present ourselves to others?

A

In a way that is consistent with our self-concept

24
Q

What is cognition also known as in the ABC model?

A

Self-concept

25
Q

What do self-schemas in cognition include?

A

Representations of who we are

26
Q

What 3 aspects are included in representations in cognition?

A

Beliefs, knowledge, and memory

27
Q

How do aspects of the ABC model interact

A

They are intertwined and affect each other

28
Q

Who came up with the levels of the self?

A

Brewer and Gardner, 1996

29
Q

What is the idea behind the levels of the self?

A

We can think about the self-concept at three different levels

30
Q

How are levels of the self activated?

A

By contexts and by cues

31
Q

Why is activating different levels of the self in different contexts important?

A

We are more likely to activate one type of self rather than another in certain situations

32
Q

What are the three levels of the self?

A

Collective self, relational self, individual self

33
Q

What is the collective self?

A

Group memberships that differentiate “us” from “them”

34
Q

What is the relational self?

A

Connections and relationships with significant others- interpersonal relationships

35
Q

What is the individual self?

A

Personal traits or characteristics that differentiate the self from others and make us unique

36
Q

How can we create multiple selves?

A

By breaking down the self

37
Q

What levels and how many selves can we have?

A

At all levels, and we can have many at each level

38
Q

What do we hold to create multiple selves?

A

Schemas of multiple selves and representations of what we might become in the future

39
Q

What are multiple self-schemas part of?

A

The cognitive self-concept

40
Q

How are different roles of the self represented?

A

Different roles have different attributes

41
Q

What 3 ideas can be included in multiple self-concepts?

A

What they might become
What they would like to become
What they are afraid of becoming

42
Q

How is the working self-concept activated?

A

By the situation we are in

43
Q

Who came up with the idea of multiple selves?

A

Markus and Nurius, 1986

44
Q

What evaluation is included in self-esteem?

A

Affective evaluation of the self

45
Q

How does self-esteem vary? (2 points)

A

Varies in valence from higher to lower
Varies in stability over time and in response to events

46
Q

What is stable self-esteem?

A

People feel a similar sense of self-esteem over time

47
Q

What is unstable self-esteem?

A

People have self-esteem that can fluctuate

48
Q

What is the problem with measuring self-esteem?

A

It is very difficult to measure and difficult to quantify

49
Q

What is the main questionnaire to measure self-esteem?

A

Rosenberg self-esteem scale

50
Q

What is included in the Rosenberg self-esteem scale?

A

Statements that you rate from strongly agree to strongly disagree

51
Q

What do answers indicate in the Rosenberg self-esteem scale?

A

Either high self-esteem or low self-esteem

52
Q

What are the 3 limitations of self-report questionnaires to measure self-esteem?

A
  • People are required to reflect and introspect accurately about themselves
  • People need honesty in responses
  • May be response biases
53
Q

Why do self-esteem questionnaires not have a social desirability bias?

A

Because there is nothing intrinsically good or bad about having high or low self-esteem

54
Q

What is an example of an implicit measure?

A

Name letter test

55
Q

How does the name letter test indicate high self-esteem?

A

People on average like letters more that feature in their name if they have high self-esteem

56
Q

How do implicit measures measure high self-esteem?

A

More positive attitudes and beliefs towards implicit measures when people have high self-esteem

57
Q

Why do we tend to use other measures as well as implicit measures to measure self-esteem?

A

Implicit measures aren’t the most reliable

PSY1019 Social Psychology with Research Methods 1 (36 decks)

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