2- Heuristics and Biases Flashcards

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1
Q

What do heuristics help us to do?

A

Bypass an overwhelming amount of information and help avoid information overload

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2
Q

What do heuristics/cognitive shortcuts provide?

A

Adequately accurate inferences for most of us most of the time

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3
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Time-saving mental processes that reduce complex judgements

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4
Q

What is a representative heuristic?

A

A strategy for making judgements based on the extent that current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli

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5
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

A strategy for making judgements based on how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind

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6
Q

What is an anchoring heuristic?

A

A tendency to use a number or value as a starting point and then make adjustments

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7
Q

Do heuristics always work properly?

A

No

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8
Q

What do heuristics tend to ignore?

A

Sample size

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9
Q

What is the regression to the mean effect?

A

Tendency for initial observations to be more extreme than subsequent

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10
Q

What is the effect of illusory correlation?

A

Create or overestimate the degree of correlation between two variables

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11
Q

What kind of errors do we make?

A

Predictable ones

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12
Q

What are we able to do for more important events?

A

We are able to consciously process information and make informed decisions

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13
Q

What did Brewer come up with?

A

The dual process theory

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14
Q

What two approaches does the dual process theory suggest are used when forming impressions of others?

A

Either a heuristic or systematic approach

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15
Q

What model did Fiske and Neuberg propose?

A

Continuum model

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16
Q

What does the continuum model propose?

A

A continuum from category-based processing to attribute-based processing- first use heuristics the move to more attribute-based processing

17
Q

How can people be perceived in the continuum model?

A

As a representative of a group or as an individual separate from any category membership

18
Q

What happens if categorisation is not a good fit?

A

There will be a shift towards an individuated mode of perception when motivated (decategorisation)

19
Q

What may decategorisation represent?

A

A means of countering the negative implications of categorisation