#4 Nutrients Flashcards by Claire Mitchell

Amino Acid functions

Structural proteins
Functional proteins
Defence and protective proteins
Cell Signalling
Transport of energy and nutrients between tissues

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AA are the _ _ _ of proteins

Basic building blocks

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Non-essential AA (Gly, Ala, Asp, Asx, Glu, Gln, Pro)

Body can synthesize at sufficient levels

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Essential AA’s used to formulate ideal protein concept (Lys, Thr, Met, Arg, Val, Top)

Not made by body in sufficient levels

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Stereoisomerism: _-AA have positive effect on body, _-AA have adverse effects

L, D

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Animals can only convert L-_ into protein

Methionine

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Digestion @ Tertiary Level

HCL in proventriculus

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_ in the _ hydrolysis to larger _

Pepsin proventriculus, peptides

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Pancreatic _, split peptide chains into _ chains

endopeptidases, smaller

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_ at Lysine and Arginine residuals

Trypsin

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_ at aromatic amino acid residuals (,,_)

Chymotrypsin, Phe, Tyr, Trp

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_ at aliphatic amino acids residuals (,,_)

Elastase, Gly, Ser, Ala

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After the split of smaller peptide chains into _ they are absorbed by _ transporters from _ to portal _

AA, Active, enterocyte, blood

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Ideal Protein Concept refers to the right balance of essential AA in their diet to maximize growth, production, and health while minimizing waste and inefficiency, this concept is based on the idea that protein quality (balance of AA) is more important than _ _

protein quantity

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Ideal Protein contains essential AA in the exact rations needed with _ being the reference AA

Lysine

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Other AA are expressed as a percentage relative to _

Lysine

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_ is often used as a reference AA

Lysine

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There are no metabolic interactions between _ and other _

Lysine, AA

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_ can be converted to _

Met, Cys

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_ would be the first limiting AA in grain and soybean diets

Met

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_ is likely to become first-limiting AA if _ meal is replaced by another plant protein supplement

Lys, soybean

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As energy demands increase, _ demands decrease

Lysine

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Advancements in Genetics in poultry

Increase BW, FCR Improvement, Breast Yield Increase

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Dietary AA to calories _ as birds age

decrease

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Feed intake _ as birds age

increase

Broiler breeders are the parental stock of _ birds

meat

Broiler breeders are extremely efficient in converting feed into _ and rapid _

protein, growth

Objectives in broiler breeders during rearing

Flock uniformity, BW control

Objectives in broiler breeders during laying

Egg production, eq quality, fertility, hatchability

Nutrition and management must avoid _ issues associated with _ birds

reproductive, overweight

Efficient growth in broiler chickens vs. BB reproductive fitness are _ related production traits

negatively

A method to slow broiler breeder growth is to _ _ intake to delay onset of _ maturity to optimize _ and viable _ production

restrict AA, sexual, egg, chick

Feather Picking in Broiler Breeders can create decrease in _ and _ in flocks

fertility, hatchability

Hens displaying feather loss may want to avoid entering the _ with males, leads to _ in mating

floor, reduction

Feather Picking is multifaceted

Nutrition, Management, Disease, Genetic Strain

When diets are sub optimum in certain AA can lead to abnormal feather _

development

Hens provided low _ diet during rearing and early in lay can lead to poor _ covering

protein, feather

Important not to overvalue AA in diet formulation to avoid sub optimum AA composition of complete feeds, one solution is the use of _

Tryptophan

_, _, _ acid, _ deficiencies can result in frayed feathers and impact feather development

Zinc, Vitamin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin

Trace mineral and vitamin premixes typically exceed requirement, therefor typically _ lead to problems

Shouldn't

[_] x _ = protein level

N, 6.25

Apparent Ill AA digestibility (AID%) talks about the _ from the digestive tract prior to _ ileum

disappearance, distal

AID% is better estimate of availability than _ digestibility, because it isn't influenced by _ in the ceca and urine

fecal, fermentation

AID accounts for _ and _ endogenous loss, and _ loss

basal, specific, exogenous

SID accounts for _ endogenous loss, and _ loss

specific, exogenous

True accounts for _ loss

exogenous

Phosphorus is the _ most expensive nutrient

3rd

P required for _ development

skeletal

Ca:P

2:1

Majority of Ca & P stored in _ and _

bones, teeth

The rest of Ca and P is stored in _ _

soft tissues

P is low in _ and high in _ sources

plants, inorganic

3 Examples of inorganic sources high in P

Calcium Phosphate, DCP, Animal Byproducts

Main method to estimate P availability

Apparent total tract digestibility at low dietary P levels

_ _ is important for metabolism of Ca and P

Vit D

3 Factors affecting bone growth

Vit D3 deficiency, Low Ca, High Ca/Low P

Low P, lots of limestone (Ca) causes

Rickets

Rickets is the softening of _

bone

Fat Soluable Vit

A, D, E, K

Vit and Trace minerals added to premix in higher levels than established _

Requirements

Decrease in water intake

Decrease in feed intake

High [] of _ or _ associated with increased intake of _, leading to _ litter, _, _-_ _

Na, K, Water, wet, ammonia, foot-pad dermatitis

Macrominerals are important for _ & _ contraction

Bones, Muscle

Trace Minerals are measured in _ and are co-factors that help drive _ reactions, important for _ development

ppm, chemical, feather

Antinutritional Factors _ with nutrient utilization

interfere

In plants and seeds ANFs act as _

bio pesticides

ANFs decrease _, _, and _ digestion and utilization, inactivate _, stimulate the _ _, _ with anti-nutritional properties

protein, CHO, mineral, Vit, immune system, NSPs

Anti-trypsins reduce effectiveness of _ and are present in seeds such as _ and _

trypsin, soybeans, peas

Lectins attach to cell surface and cause damage to _ and _ surface and leads to digestive _, present in _, _, _

blood, intestinal, upset, soybeans, peas, beans

Polyphenolic compounds (_, toxic _) form complexes with proteins in feed and digestive enzymes to reduce digestibility, present in some grains _, _, _ and some _, _

tannins, alkaloids, barley, sorghum, rapeseed, beans, lupins

Glucosinulates are complexes between simple _ and are _ and interfere with _ function, present in _

sugar, unpalatable, thyroid, rapeseed

Phytate/Phytic Acid _ groups attached to simple _, poultry lack _ enzymes, forms complex with other nutrients, present in _ seeds

phosphate, sugar, phytase, most

Deactivate ANFs using _ and _

Glucosinulates, Phytic Acid/Phytase