#2 Avian Digestive Tract & Anatomy Flashcards
Utilization of dietary nutrients requires
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption
Digestive _ sets limits to animal performance and feed ingredient usage
Capacity
Digestive tract serves as a barrier against _ and _ _
Disease, Unwanted Compounds
Poultry has what type of digestive system
Monogastric
Similarities between pigs and chickens
Accessory Glands, Acidity
Forestomach is _ acidic than _
Less, Stomach
pH in stomach is between _ and _
1, 2
Differences between Pigs and Poultry
- Pigs longer digestive tract
- Pigs Longer retention time
- Pigs Slower rate of passage
- Pigs better developed hindgut
- Pigs stronger sense of taste
How many taste buds in Pig vs. Chicken
15k, 240
Optic lobes in the brain are _ and _
Large, Prominent
_ constitute greater volume of bird head than in mammals
Eyes
Chickens are _-oriented animals
Visual
Vision-_ and _ are important elements in bird behaviour and temperament/physiology
Light, Colour
Visual Properties > _ & _ during selection of food
Smell, Taste
No _ in chickens, less developed sense of smell
Sniffing
Food birds have no concern for odours in their environment except for NZ bird, _
Kiwi
Kiwi has poor sense of _ that strong sense of _ makes up for
Vision, Smell
Beak instead of
Lips
Feeding consists of
Grasp, Pick-Up, Carry to Mouth, Mix with saliva, Manipulate, Swallowing
Another word for swallowing
Deglutition
Bolus or Water is forced downwards by _ and _ _
Gravity, Negative Pressure
Another word for drink
Imbibe
Most of Chickens Taste Buds located in _ of palate, base of the _ _
Epithelium, Oral Cavity
Very few taste buds on _
Tongue
_ have less taste buds than chickens
Ducks
Taste: Some preference during starvation for _ solutions over _
Sweet, Water
If there is isocaloric protein and fat offered during starvation it will be chosen over _
Sugar
Sodium and chloride have specific requirements created by _
Deficiency
Will die of _ rather than consume 2% _ solution
thirst, salt
Sour Taste: Tolerant to acidity and alkalinity
No preference
Crop is a thing walled _ of the esophagus
Diverticum
Waterfowl do not have a
Crop
Because waterfowl don’t have a crop it premits -
Force-feeding
Crop is distensible and _ ingested feed
Stores
Crop allows birds to consume large amount of feed in _ time
Short
Storage in crop depends on 4 Factors
Amount of Feed, Consistency, Hardness, Water Consumption
Grain stored for _ time than Mash
More
Crop helps to soften digesta and stimulate feed additives like _
Enzymes
The Crop is the _ defence line against poultry pathogens and zoonotic organisms
First
_ is the dominant microorganism in the crop
Lactobacilli
Checking Crop Fill:- Chicks in - Locations within barn
30, 40, 3, 4
Lactobacilli limit _ in the crop
Fermentation
Crop also functions as a tool for successful brooding by checking _ _
Crop Fill
Crop Fill: Full, Soft, Round =
Chicks found feed & water
Crop Fill: Full, Hard, Texturized
Chicks found feed
Proventiculus is secretory, and has _ _
Gastric Pits
4 Major Types of Secretory Cells
Mucous, Chief, Parietal, G Cells
Mucous Cells secrete
Alkaline Mucus
Chief Cells secrete
Pepsin
Parietal Cells secrete
HCL
G Cells secrete
Gastrin
Poultry produce more _ and _ per kg body weight than any other male or animals
HCL, Pepsin
_ pH is lower than _
Gizzard, Proventriculus
Proventriculus Secretion Influenced by:
Food in tract, degree of hydration, nervous control, drugs and hormones, diseases
PTS aka _
Proventriculitis
PTS is associated with:
Reduced digestion of Protein
Slow digesta passage
Increases risk of organ rupture during processing
- Carcass contamination
- Increased Labour cost of washing
- Condemnation
Possible Causes of PTS
Multifactorial: Viral, Bacterial, Fungal Interactions
Viruses known to cause PTS
IBD, Avibirnavirus, Marek’s, Alphaherpesvirus, viral proventricular virus, Reovirus
_ Acid (_) produced by Aspergillus Flavus fungus in Feeds can lead to PTS
Ciciopiazonic, CPA
CPA (_-_ppm) leads to: _ inflammation, _ necrosis, hyperplasia of _ mucosa
50,100, mucosa, crop, proventricular
Gizzard is a highly _ organ capable of exerting high _ on feed
Muscular, High
Gizzard has hard lining composed of _, _ layer
Keratin, Koilin
Hard lining of gizzard is important for _ of feed, and to protect _ from degrading effects of _ and _
grinding, mucosa, HCL, pepsin
Gizzard Erosion: Ulceration of _ layer, leads to bleeding from underlying _, causes _ of blood by _ conditions leading to _ vomit
Koilin, Tissue, Denaturation, Acidic, Black
Gizzard Erosion Causes: _ contamination, _ levels in feed >250ppm, sub-optimal levels of _ and _ in diet, biogenic , Fishmeal (), Microorganims (_)
Mycotoxin, Copper, Met, Cys, Amines, Gizzerosine, Adenovirus
Biogenic amines are by products of _ _ of some amino acids
Bacterial Degradation
Gizzard Myopathy: Calcified necrotic muscle tissue aka _ _ _ due to deficiency of vitamin _ and _
White Muscle Disease, E, Selenium
Pancreatic Juice consists of _ (breaks down _), _ (breaks down _), _ _(breaks down the disaccharide produced by salivary amylase, _)
Peptidases, Peptides, Lipases, Fats, Pancreatic Amylase, Maltose
Pancreatic Juice ph ~-, and is rich in _
6, 7, Bicarbonate
Factors Affecting Pancreatic Secretions
Age, Genetics, Antinutritional Factors (ex. Trypsin Inhibitors), Feeding
Villi: In _ of villi is where proliferation occurs, as cells move towards the intestinal lumen they _, close to the top is where nutrients are _, the top of the vill is where cells are _ off
Crypt, Differentiate, Absorbed, Sloughed
Fastest growth rate in chicks occurs with the first _ days of life
7
Limitations in Chicks: Inadequate _ and _ secretion, reduced _ capacity, inadequate _ and _ intake
Acid, Enzyme, Absorptive, Feed, Water
General: Rate of Passage influenced by _, _, _ _, _ of food consumed, faster in _ than in _
Consistency, Hardness, Water Content, Amount, Chicks, Adults
Crop & Esophagus: Rate of Passage influenced by _ (_ _) and _ state, peristalsis begins in esophagus and spreads down the crop to the gizzard
Hunger, Crop Fill, Nervous
Proventriculus: Rate of Passage influenced by movements of the crop and gizzard ex. gizzard is empty, proventiculus _ into the _, passage through the proventriculus is _, passage through the proventriculus is faster in _
Empties, Gizzard, Quick, Males
Gizzard: Rate of passage, has regular _, contraction length ranges from - seconds and is influenced by _, gizzard movement is higher with _, grit remains in gizzard for long time
Contractions, 20, 30, Hunger, Grit
Intestine to Cloaca: In small intestine passage proceeds normally and in _ movements to the ceca, - movement moves the contents expelled back into the _ _ for further _ or into the _ _
Segmenting, anti-perisaltic, small intestine, absorption, large intestine
The flow of digesta from ceca is affected by fibre, _ fibre slows the flow and increases _ and _
Soluable, Fermentation, Absorption
3 Types of Reverse Peristalsis
Gastric, SI, Cloaca-Caecal
Cloaca contracts to _ contents and maintains _ peristalsis
Expel, Continuous
Gastric Reflux: Digesta from _ to _ by _ contractions every - minutes
Gizzard, Proventiculus, Gastroduodenal, 2, 4
SI Reflux: Digesta from _ and _ into the _ area, occurs _ times per hour, this increases digesta _ time
Duodenum, Jejunum, 4, retention
Cloaca-caecal Reflux: Transfers urinary _ to the _ via the colon, prone in birds fed low _ diets
N, Ceca, Protein
