#2 Avian Digestive Tract & Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Utilization of dietary nutrients requires
A
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption
2
Q
Digestive _ sets limits to animal performance and feed ingredient usage
A
Capacity
3
Q
Digestive tract serves as a barrier against _ and _ _
A
Disease, Unwanted Compounds
4
Q
Poultry has what type of digestive system
A
Monogastric
5
Q
Similarities between pigs and chickens
A
Accessory Glands, Acidity
6
Q
Forestomach is _ acidic than _
A
Less, Stomach
7
Q
pH in stomach is between _ and _
A
1, 2
8
Q
Differences between Pigs and Poultry
A
- Pigs longer digestive tract
- Pigs Longer retention time
- Pigs Slower rate of passage
- Pigs better developed hindgut
- Pigs stronger sense of taste
9
Q
How many taste buds in Pig vs. Chicken
A
15k, 240
10
Q
Optic lobes in the brain are _ and _
A
Large, Prominent
11
Q
_ constitute greater volume of bird head than in mammals
A
Eyes
12
Q
Chickens are _-oriented animals
A
Visual
13
Q
Vision-_ and _ are important elements in bird behaviour and temperament/physiology
A
Light, Colour
14
Q
Visual Properties > _ & _ during selection of food
A
Smell, Taste
15
Q
No _ in chickens, less developed sense of smell
A
Sniffing
16
Q
Food birds have no concern for odours in their environment except for NZ bird, _
A
Kiwi
17
Q
Kiwi has poor sense of _ that strong sense of _ makes up for
A
Vision, Smell
18
Q
Beak instead of
A
Lips
19
Q
Feeding consists of
A
Grasp, Pick-Up, Carry to Mouth, Mix with saliva, Manipulate, Swallowing
20
Q
Another word for swallowing
A
Deglutition
21
Q
Bolus or Water is forced downwards by _ and _ _
A
Gravity, Negative Pressure
22
Q
Another word for drink
A
Imbibe
23
Q
Most of Chickens Taste Buds located in _ of palate, base of the _ _
A
Epithelium, Oral Cavity
24
Q
Very few taste buds on _
A
Tongue
25
_ have less taste buds than chickens
Ducks
26
Taste: Some preference during starvation for _ solutions over _
Sweet, Water
27
If there is isocaloric protein and fat offered during starvation it will be chosen over _
Sugar
28
Sodium and chloride have specific requirements created by _
Deficiency
29
Will die of _ rather than consume 2% _ solution
thirst, salt
30
Sour Taste: Tolerant to acidity and alkalinity
No preference
31
Crop is a thing walled _ of the esophagus
Diverticum
32
Waterfowl do not have a
Crop
33
Because waterfowl don't have a crop it premits _-_
Force-feeding
34
Crop is distensible and _ ingested feed
Stores
35
Crop allows birds to consume large amount of feed in _ time
Short
36
Storage in crop depends on 4 Factors
Amount of Feed, Consistency, Hardness, Water Consumption
37
Grain stored for _ time than Mash
More
38
Crop helps to soften digesta and stimulate feed additives like _
Enzymes
39
The Crop is the _ defence line against poultry pathogens and zoonotic organisms
First
40
_ is the dominant microorganism in the crop
Lactobacilli
41
Checking Crop Fill:_-_ Chicks in _-_ Locations within barn
30, 40, 3, 4
41
Lactobacilli limit _ in the crop
Fermentation
42
Crop also functions as a tool for successful brooding by checking _ _
Crop Fill
43
Crop Fill: Full, Soft, Round =
Chicks found feed & water
44
Crop Fill: Full, Hard, Texturized
Chicks found feed
45
Proventiculus is secretory, and has _ _
Gastric Pits
46
4 Major Types of Secretory Cells
Mucous, Chief, Parietal, G Cells
47
Mucous Cells secrete
Alkaline Mucus
48
Chief Cells secrete
Pepsin
49
Parietal Cells secrete
HCL
50
G Cells secrete
Gastrin
51
Poultry produce more _ and _ per kg body weight than any other male or animals
HCL, Pepsin
52
_ pH is lower than _
Gizzard, Proventriculus
53
Proventriculus Secretion Influenced by:
Food in tract, degree of hydration, nervous control, drugs and hormones, diseases
54
PTS aka _
Proventriculitis
55
PTS is associated with:
Reduced digestion of Protein
Slow digesta passage
Increases risk of organ rupture during processing
- Carcass contamination
- Increased Labour cost of washing
- Condemnation
56
Possible Causes of PTS
Multifactorial: Viral, Bacterial, Fungal Interactions
57
Viruses known to cause PTS
IBD, Avibirnavirus, Marek's, Alphaherpesvirus, viral proventricular virus, Reovirus
58
_ Acid (_) produced by Aspergillus Flavus fungus in Feeds can lead to PTS
Ciciopiazonic, CPA
59
CPA (_-_ppm) leads to: _ inflammation, _ necrosis, hyperplasia of _ mucosa
50,100, mucosa, crop, proventricular
60
Gizzard is a highly _ organ capable of exerting high _ on feed
Muscular, High
61
Gizzard has hard lining composed of _, _ layer
Keratin, Koilin
62
Hard lining of gizzard is important for _ of feed, and to protect _ from degrading effects of _ and _
grinding, mucosa, HCL, pepsin
63
Gizzard Erosion: Ulceration of _ layer, leads to bleeding from underlying _, causes _ of blood by _ conditions leading to _ vomit
Koilin, Tissue, Denaturation, Acidic, Black
64
Gizzard Erosion Causes: _ contamination, _ levels in feed >250ppm, sub-optimal levels of _ and _ in diet, biogenic _, Fishmeal (_), Microorganims (_)
Mycotoxin, Copper, Met, Cys, Amines, Gizzerosine, Adenovirus
65
Biogenic amines are by products of _ _ of some amino acids
Bacterial Degradation
66
Gizzard Myopathy: Calcified necrotic muscle tissue aka _ _ _ due to deficiency of vitamin _ and _
White Muscle Disease, E, Selenium
67
Pancreatic Juice consists of _ (breaks down _), _ (breaks down _), _ _(breaks down the disaccharide produced by salivary amylase, _)
Peptidases, Peptides, Lipases, Fats, Pancreatic Amylase, Maltose
68
Pancreatic Juice ph ~_-_, and is rich in _
6, 7, Bicarbonate
69
Factors Affecting Pancreatic Secretions
Age, Genetics, Antinutritional Factors (ex. Trypsin Inhibitors), Feeding
70
Villi: In _ of villi is where proliferation occurs, as cells move towards the intestinal lumen they _, close to the top is where nutrients are _, the top of the vill is where cells are _ off
Crypt, Differentiate, Absorbed, Sloughed
71
Fastest growth rate in chicks occurs with the first _ days of life
7
72
Limitations in Chicks: Inadequate _ and _ secretion, reduced _ capacity, inadequate _ and _ intake
Acid, Enzyme, Absorptive, Feed, Water
73
General: Rate of Passage influenced by _, _, _ _, _ of food consumed, faster in _ than in _
Consistency, Hardness, Water Content, Amount, Chicks, Adults
74
Crop & Esophagus: Rate of Passage influenced by _ (_ _) and _ state, peristalsis begins in esophagus and spreads down the crop to the gizzard
Hunger, Crop Fill, Nervous
75
Proventriculus: Rate of Passage influenced by movements of the crop and gizzard ex. gizzard is empty, proventiculus _ into the _, passage through the proventriculus is _, passage through the proventriculus is faster in _
Empties, Gizzard, Quick, Males
76
Gizzard: Rate of passage, has regular _, contraction length ranges from _-_ seconds and is influenced by _, gizzard movement is higher with _, grit remains in gizzard for long time
Contractions, 20, 30, Hunger, Grit
77
Intestine to Cloaca: In small intestine passage proceeds normally and in _ movements to the ceca, _-_ movement moves the contents expelled back into the _ _ for further _ or into the _ _
Segmenting, anti-perisaltic, small intestine, absorption, large intestine
78
The flow of digesta from ceca is affected by fibre, _ fibre slows the flow and increases _ and _
Soluable, Fermentation, Absorption
79
3 Types of Reverse Peristalsis
Gastric, SI, Cloaca-Caecal
80
Cloaca contracts to _ contents and maintains _ peristalsis
Expel, Continuous
81
Gastric Reflux: Digesta from _ to _ by _ contractions every _-_ minutes
Gizzard, Proventiculus, Gastroduodenal, 2, 4
82
SI Reflux: Digesta from _ and _ into the _ area, occurs _ times per hour, this increases digesta _ time
Duodenum, Jejunum, 4, retention
83
Cloaca-caecal Reflux: Transfers urinary _ to the _ via the colon, prone in birds fed low _ diets
N, Ceca, Protein
84
