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Anatomy 2 Unit 2 > 4 - Intro to Skull, Face, Scalp > Flashcards

4 - Intro to Skull, Face, Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

Neurocranium

A

cranial bones to protect the brain

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2
Q

Viscerocranium

A

facial bones to protect airway

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3
Q

Pterion

A

intersection of 4 bones - weaker here.

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4
Q

Coronal

A

between frontal & parietal bones

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5
Q

Sagittal

A

between 2 parietal bones

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6
Q

Squamosal

A

between parietal & temporal

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7
Q

Lambdoidal

A

between parietal/temporal & occipital bones

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8
Q

Pterion, Lambda, Bregma

A

intersections

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9
Q

The joints of the bones of the skull are

A

solid joint with fibrous connections called sutures

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10
Q

Sutures are

A

fibrous joints between adjacent bones of the skull linked by a thin layer of connective tissue = sutural ligament

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11
Q

3Pterion

A 
“H” shaped intersection of coronal suture & squamosal 
	respresenting a 4 bone intersection
		Frontal
		Temporal
		Parietal
		Sphenoid
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12
Q

Vertex

A

most superior point on the cranium

usually ~ midway on the midsagittal suture

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13
Q

Bregma

A

intersection of Coronal & Sagittal

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14
Q

6 are pairs of face bones are responsible for the

A

bilateral symmetry of the face.

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15
Q

Bones of the Face

A 
14 - Nasal bones (2)
Maxilla bones (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Mandible
Lacrimal bones (2)
Vomer bone
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Palatine bones (2)
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16
Q

Boundaries of the Orbit - Frontal bone

A

roof

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17
Q

Boundaries of the Orbit- Zygomatic bone

A

lat. wall

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18
Q

Boundaries of the Orbit - Maxilla bone

A

floor & part of medial wall

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19
Q

Boundaries of the Orbit - Lacrimal & Ethmoid bones

A

rest of medial wall

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20
Q

Boundaries of the orbit - Sphenoid bone

A

posterior wall

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21
Q

Supraorbital foramen/notch - orbit feature

A

in superciliary arch

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22
Q

Optic canal (foramen

A

in medial wall of orbit

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23
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

in medial wall of orbit

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24
Q

Inferior orbital fissure

A

in floor of orbit

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25
Q

Lacrimal Groove (Nasolacrimal canal)

A

orbit - communicates with nasal cavity

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26
Q

Conchae =

A

turbinates (other terms)

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27
Q

Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity

A

Nasal bones, Frontal sinus, Ethmoid, Sphenoid sinus = roof
Maxillary bones = floor & lat. Wall
Palatine hoizontal plate = floor
Vomer & perpendicular plate of ethmoid bones = medial wall
Nasal septum = medial wall

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28
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

projections from lat. wall

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29
Q

Superior nasal conchae

A

ethmoid bone

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30
Q

Middle nasal conchae

A

ethmoid bone

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31
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

separate bones

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32
Q

The nasal cavity is lined by a

A

nasal mucosal membrane (respiratory epithelium) that we will be looking at in detail later in the histology portion.

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33
Q

Features of Maxilla & Mandible - both ahve

A

alveolar processes = sockets for teeth

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34
Q

Features of Maxilla & Mandible - mandible has

A

mental foramen

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35
Q

Features of Maxilla & Mandible - maxillae have

A

infraorbital foramina

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36
Q

Frontal bones have

A

supraorbital foramina/notches & all 3 foramina line up

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37
Q

Features of Mandible

A 
Coronoid process
Condyloid (condylar) process (TMJ)
Head, neck, ramus, body & angle
Mandibular notch & foramen
Mylohyoid groove
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38
Q

Anterior Cranial Fossa

-cranial vault

A

hold frontal lobes

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39
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa

-cranial vault

A

hold temporal lobes

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40
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa

-cranial vault

A

hold cerebellum & brainstem

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41
Q

Features of Paranasal Sinuses

A 
Spaces within skull bones
Make bones lighter
Add resonance to voice
Lined by mucousal membranes
Continuous with nasal cavity
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42
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoid air cells
Sphenoid sinuses
Maxillary sinuses

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43
Q

Frontal sinuses - paranasal

A

In frontal bones (2)

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44
Q

Ethmoid air cells - paranasal

A

More than thisl, just know it is symmetrical. In ethmoid bone (3-13)

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45
Q

Sphenoid sinuses - paranasal

A

In sphenoid bone (2)

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46
Q

Maxillary sinuses - paranasal

A

In maxilla (2)

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47
Q

Foramina of Skull allow

A

vessels & cranial nn. to exit cranial vault

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48
Q

Cribriform plate: transmitted structure

A

Olfactory nerve CN1

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49
Q

Optic canal

A

CN2, opthalmic artery

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50
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

CN3,4,6, opthalmic (CN V1)

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51
Q

Foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary nerve (V2)

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52
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Mandibular nerve V3

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53
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal a.

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54
Q

Foramen lacerum

A

Internal carotid a. (enters cranial vault here)

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55
Q

Jugular foramen

A

IJV, CN9, 10, 11

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56
Q

Internal acoustic foramen

A

CN7, 8

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57
Q

Sylomastoid foramen

A

CN7

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58
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

CNXII

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59
Q

Foramen magnum

A

vertebral arteries, spinal cord

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60
Q

Carotid canal

A

internal carotid a. (enters skull here)

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61
Q

Regions of h and n

A

Scalp
Orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
face

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62
Q

Scalp skin

A

thin except in the occipital region, contains many sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles; abundant arterial supply, good venous & lymphatic drainage

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63
Q

Scalp connective tissue

A

forming the think dense, richly vascularized subQ layer, with many cutaneous nerves

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64
Q

Scalp aponeurosis

A

(epicranial aponeurosis), strong tendinous sheet that covers the calvaria, serves as the attachment for the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle and the superior auricular muscle. Together = musculoaponeurotic epicranius.

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65
Q

musculoaponeurotic epicranius

A

epicranial aponeurosis + occipitalfrontalis muscle+ superior auricular muscle

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66
Q

Scalp loose connective tissue

A

sponge-like layer, potential spaces that may distend with fluid as a result of injury or infection. This layer allows free movement of the scalp proper (the first three layers) over the underlying calvaria.

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67
Q

pericranium - scalp

A

dense layer of connective tissue, forms the external periosteum of the neurocranium and is firmly attached. Parts of the pericranium are continuous with the fibrous tissue in the cranial sutures.

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68
Q

Scalp - The dense connective tissue tends to

A

‘hold’ cut vessels open – allowing profuse bleeding

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69
Q

Deep wounds into the A layer

A

gape widely

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70
Q

Scalp - Profuse bleeding is due to

A

vascular anastomoses – vascular connections –

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71
Q

Deep wounds gape because of the

A

muscles attached to the aponeurotic layer: the frontalis and occipitalis mm

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72
Q

Clinical Notes: Loose Areolar tissue

A

“Danger Space” of scalp

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73
Q

Loose areolar tissue Infections

A

spread easily in this layer

74
Q

Loose areolar tissue infections Travel into the

A

cranial cavity through emissary veins (pass thru the calvaria) to meninges

75
Q

Loose areolar tissue infections Fluid can move

A

anteriorly into eyelids & root of nose

76
Q

Occipitofrontalis m.

A

moves scalp back and forward

occipitalis m. + galea aponeurotica + frontalis m.

77
Q

3 auricularis mm.

A

protract, elevate & retract ears

78
Q

Muscles of the Scalp & Ears

A

occipitalis m. + galea aponeurotica + frontalis m.

79
Q

Frontalis elevates

A

eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead; protracts scalp

80
Q

Occipitalis retracts

A

scalp; increasing effectiveness of frontal belly

81
Q

Mm of facial expression

- attach to

A

bone or fascia and act by pulling the skin (insert into skin)

82
Q

mm. of facial expression Also surround the

A

orifices of the face (mouth, eyes, nose) acting as sphincters and dilators

83
Q

Mm of mastication (how many pairs)

A

4

84
Q

The face is the

A

anterior aspect of the head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear.

85
Q

No deep fascia of the face because

A

of all the muscle attachments of the muscles of facial expression - loose connective tissue.

86
Q

Frontalis m. eye region

A

raises eyebrow (surprise)

87
Q

Corrugator supercilii m- eye region

A

draws eyebrow in (frowning)

88
Q

Orbicularis oculi m - eye region

A

closes eye (winking)

89
Q

Procerus m- nasal region

A

wrinkles bridge of nose

90
Q

Nasalis m - nasal region

A

compresses & dilates nostril

91
Q

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m - nasal region

A

dilates nostril

92
Q

Superficial Muscles of the Mouth Region - Orbicularis Oris

A

closes mouth

93
Q

Superficial Muscles of the Mouth Region - Levator labii superioris

A

elevates upper lip

94
Q

Superficial Muscles of the Mouth Region - Zygomaticus major/minor

A

draws mouth up

95
Q

Superficial Muscles of the Mouth Region - Depressor anguli oris

A

depresses angle of mouth

96
Q

Superficial Muscles of the Mouth Region - Depressor labii inferioris

A

depresses lower lip

97
Q

Superficial Muscles of the Mouth Region - Risorius

A

retracts the corner of the mouth

98
Q

Superficial Muscles of the Mouth Region - Mentalis

A

protrudes lower lip

99
Q

Deep Muscles of the Mouth Region -Buccinator

A

compresses cheek & assists with mastication

100
Q

Deep Muscles of the Mouth Region - Levator anguli oris

A

elevates angle of mouth

101
Q

Deep Muscles of the Mouth Region - Depressor labii inferioris

A

depresses lower lip

102
Q

Muscles of Mastication - Temporalis

A

elevates & retracts mandible

103
Q

Muscles of Mastication - Masseter

A

elevates & clenches mandible

104
Q

Muscles of Mastication - Med. Pterygoid

A

– elevates, protracts & rotates mandible

105
Q

Muscles of Mastication - Lat. Pterygoid

A

– protrudes & rotates mandible; opens mouth

106
Q

Innervation of Face & Scalp - Trigeminal (CN V)

A

sensory to the face & scalp

107
Q

Innervation of Face & Scalp - Cervical

A

sensory to the back of head, ears & jaw

108
Q

Innervation of Face & Scalp - facial CNVII

A

motor to the mm of facial expression

109
Q

Innervation of Face & Scalp - Mandibular (CN V3)

A

motor to mm of mastication

110
Q

Innervation of face and scalp - Sensory

A

Trigeminal (CN V)
-Face & Anterior scalp
Cervical n. (C2,3)
-Jaw, ears, posterior scalp

111
Q

Innervation of face and scalp - Motor

A

Facial (CN VII)
-Muscles of facial expression
Mandibular (CN V3)
-Muscles of mastication

112
Q

Supraorbital n - Sensory innervation : V1

A

to central forehead

113
Q

Supratrochlear n - Sensory innervation : V1

A

to medial forehead

114
Q

Infratrochlear n. - Sensory innervation : V1

A

to upper nose

115
Q

External nasal n - Sensory innervation : V1

A

to lower nose

116
Q

Lacrimal n. - Sensory innervation : V1

A

to lateral brow

117
Q

Sensory innervation : V2 - Zygomaticotemporal n.

A

to temple

118
Q

Sensory innervation : V2 - Zygomaticofacial n.

A

– to upper cheek

119
Q

Sensory innervation : V2 - Infraorbital n.

A

– to maxilla & upper lip

120
Q

Sensory innervation : V3 - Auriculotemporal n. –

A

to ear & temple

121
Q

Sensory innervation : V3 - Buccal n. –

A

to lower cheek

122
Q

Sensory innervation : V3 - Mental n.

A

to chin & lower lip

123
Q

Parotid gland

A

anterior/inferior to ear

124
Q

Parotid (Stensen’s) duct

A

transmits saliva from gland

125
Q

Parotid (Stensen’s) duct Crosses

A

masseter 1-2 cm below zygomatic arch

126
Q

Parotid (stensen’s) duct Turns 90° to pierce

A

buccinator m.

127
Q

Stensen’s duct Opens into oral cavity opposite

A

2nd molar

Marked by elevated parotid papilla

128
Q

Parotid gland & duct surfaces

A

Outer surface is irregular

Inner surface is wedge-shaped

129
Q

Parotid gland & duct enclosed in

A

Enclosed in a “parotid sheath” of deep cervical fascia

130
Q

Parotid gland - Calculus formation

A

assoc. with chronic parotiditis (all 3 salivary glands – submandibular*)

131
Q

Salivary fistulas - parotid gland

A

most close spontaneously but can do duct ligation

132
Q

Neoplasms - parotid gland

A

85-90% of mixed tumors involve parotid

133
Q

Frey’s syndrome - parotid gland

A

gustatory swelling

134
Q

Facial n. (CN VII) - parotid gland

A

passes thru gland
Nerve in danger during parotidectomy
Must ID branches prior to excision of any tumor tissue
Damage results in paralysis of facial mm on affected side

135
Q

CN VII - parotid There is also a branch, prior to entering the parotid gland, that innervates the

A

posterior belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles

136
Q

CN VII The main trunk then enters the parotid gland and bifurcates into a

A

superior temporofacial and inferior cervicofacial nerve to give rise to divisions

137
Q

CN VII Temporal division

A

travels superior to temples

138
Q

Zygomatic CN VII division

A

travels inferior to arch

139
Q

Buccal cnVII division

A

medially to buccinator m

140
Q

Marginal Mandibular divisoin CNVII

A

along inferior mandible

141
Q

Cervical division CNVII

A

inferiorly to platysma m.

142
Q

Post. Auricular division CNVII

A

posteriorly to lower ear

143
Q

Injury to CN VII produces

A

m. paralysis on affected side

144
Q

CN VII N. may be inflamed at

A

stylomastoid foramen

145
Q

CN VII

A

Edema & compression of n. in facial canal

146
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

most common non-traumatic cause of facial paralysis

unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset involving CN VII

147
Q

Buccal Fat Pad

A

Fat pad located anterior to masseter m.

148
Q

Buccal fat pad Covers up

A

buccinator m. located medially

149
Q

Buccal fat pad Provides protection for

A

parotid duct & CN VII (buccal br.)

150
Q

Buccal fat pad Helps give cheeks

A

fuller appearance

151
Q

Nerves of Buccinator M.

A

Two buccal nn. Related to buccinator m

152
Q

Buccal br. of Facial n

A

lateral to masseter m.

-CN VII : motor to buccinator m.

153
Q

Buccal br. of Trigeminal n.

A

CN V3 : sensory to buccal mucosa & skin of cheek

154
Q

Note: V3 pierces buccinator m.

A

it does not supply it

155
Q

Superficial Temporal Artery

A

Artery – branch of external carotid a.
*Vein – drains to retromandibular v.

*Both run anterior to ear to temporal region
Travel with auriculotemporal n.

156
Q

Superficial temporal vein

A

Vein – drains to retromandibular v.

157
Q

Transverse Facial Artery & Vein

A

Branches of superficial temporal vessels

158
Q

Transverse facial artery and vein cross

A

masseter m. between zygomatic arch & parotid duct

159
Q

Transverse facial artery and vein supply blood to

A

upper cheek region

Parotid gland, duct & masseter m.

160
Q

Facial Artery & Vein

A

Artery is tortuous & anterior to vein
Both cross mandible at anterior border of masseter m.
Facial artery pulse can be palpated here

At angle of mouth: inferior & superior labial branches (to lips)
Continue to medial angle of eye to angular a. & v.

161
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the head & neck: remains

A

ipsilateral

162
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the head & neck: Medial to

A

Lateral (neck)

163
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the head & neck: Drains

A

Inferiorly & generally superficial to deep

164
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the head & neck: Ultimately to the

A

right lymphatic duct or the Thoracic duct

165
Q

Superficial nodes of the face- Submental nodes

A

located inferior and posterior to the chin & drain from the medial lower lip to the chin ipsilaterally

166
Q

Superficial nodes of the face - Submandibular nodes

A

superficial to the gland and inferior to the body of the mandible & drain from the medial corner of the orbit, most of the external nose , the medial part of the cheek, upper lip, and lateral lower lip that follows the course of the facial artery.

167
Q

Superficial nodes of the face - Preauricular and parotid nodes

A

anteiror to the ear and drain most of the eyelids, part of the external nose, and the lateral cheek

168
Q

Superficial nodes of the face - Jugulodigastric drains the

A

preauricular and parotid nodes, mastoid nodes, and occipital nodes

169
Q

Superficial nodes of the face - Deep cervical nodes drain the

A

submandibular nodes

170
Q

Superficial nodes of the face - Juguloomohyoid drains

A

jugulodigastric, & deep cervical, & submental nodes

171
Q

Bregma =

A

anterior fontanel

172
Q

lambda =

A

posterior fontanel

173
Q

Facial exits cranial vault via

A

EAM

174
Q

Exits cranium via

A

Sytlomastoid foramen

175
Q

Layers of the Scalp

A

Skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium

176
Q

Loose connective tissue =

A

potential space

177
Q

Emmisary vein foramina

A

can bring infection from outside of skull to inside

178
Q

Nose muscles in terms of pronounced nose portions will have

A

varying muscle sizes and shapes in nose.

179
Q

Deep part of masseter

A

connects to zygomatic arch

180
Q

Connective tissue associated with

A

temporalis and masseter epimesium fascia continuous with investing layer of deep cervical fascia.

181
Q

Medial pterygoid heads separated by

A

lower head of lateral pterygoid

182
Q

Parotid stones are painful because

A

of dense connective tissue - very confined and confining, so if there is any inflammation or swelling, it is painful because it has nowhere to go.

Anatomy 2 Unit 2 (15 decks)

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