13 - Pharynx

Question 1

The pharynx is a musculofascial half-cylinder that links the

Answer 1

oral and nasal cavities in the head to the larynx and esophagus in the neck. The pharyngeal cavity is common for the respiratory tract and digestive tract.

Question 2

Pharynx : Extends from skull base to

Answer 2

inferior border of cricoid cartilage (level of C6)

Question 3

Pharynx : Consists of

Answer 3

circular & longitudinal mm. wrapped in fascia

Question 4

Pharynx : Lined with

Answer 4

mucous membrane containing mucous glands

Question 5

Pharynx: Lies posterior to the

Answer 5

nasal and oral cavities & the larynx

Question 6

Pharynx: There are 3 regions:

Answer 6

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 7

Pharynx: There are 5 layers:

Answer 7

Mucosa (mucous membrane)
Submucosa
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Muscular layer
Buccopharyngeal fasica

Question 8

Pharynx: Muscular layer

Answer 8

3 longitudinal mm (stylo -, salpingo-, palato- pharyngeus mm.)
3 outer circular or constrictor mm.

Question 9

Nasopharynx: Structures: Auditory (Eustachian or pharyngotympanic) tube orifice –

Answer 9

posterior to inferior concha

Serves as connection between pharynx & middle ear

Question 10

Nasopharynx: Structures: Torus tubarius –

Answer 10

posterior to auditory tube orifice (cartilage of auditory tube)

Question 11

Nasopharynx: Structures: Pharyngeal recess –

Answer 11

posterior to torus tubarius

Groove along lateral pharyngeal wall

Question 12

Nasopharynx: Structures: Pharyngeal tonsil –

Answer 12

postero-superior to torus tubarius

Question 13

Nasopharynx structures: Salpingopharyngeal fold –

Answer 13

mucous membrane covering the salpingopharyngeus m.

Question 14

Oropharynx: Posterior extension of

Answer 14

oral cavity

Question 15

Oropharynx: Between soft palate &

Answer 15

epiglottis

Question 16

Oropharynx: Passes thru 2 sets of

Answer 16

arches laterally

Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch

Question 17

Oropharynx: Palatoglossal arch separates

Answer 17

oral cavity & oropharynx

Question 18

Oropharynx: Palatoglossal arch –

Answer 18

mucosal fold over palatoglossus m.

Question 19

Oropharynx: Palatopharyngeal arch –

Answer 19

mucosal fold over palatopharyngeus m.

Question 20

Oropharynx: Palatine Tonsil –

Answer 20

in tonsillar bed between 2 palatine arches

Question 21

Oropharynx: Vallecula –

Answer 21

fold posterior to the root of the tongue and anterior to the epiglottis.

~= to a “spit trap”
a temporary hold place for saliva during breathing

Question 22

Laryngopharynx: Route air and food into

Answer 22

trachea and esophagus

Question 23

Functions of the larynx:

Answer 23

1. Phonation
2. Regulate size of the opening between the vocal folds
3. Prevent foreign bodies from entering the airway
4. Act as a sphincter

Question 24

Laryngopharynx continues inferiorly to approximately the level of

Answer 24

cervical vertebra C6 & the top of the esophagus

Question 25

Laryngopharynx: Structures:

Answer 25

``` Epiglottis Laryngeal cartilages Piriform recess – Internal laryngeal n. – Superior laryngeal vessels – Recurrent laryngeal n. – Inferior laryngeal vessels – ```

Question 26

Laryngopharynx: Piriform recess –

Answer 26

extends laterally to thyroid cartilage

Question 27

Laryngopharynx: Internal laryngeal n. –

Answer 27

descends beneath mucous membrane

Question 28

Laryngopharynx: Superior laryngeal vessels –

Answer 28

run with internal laryngeal n.

Question 29

Laryngopharynx: Recurrent laryngeal n. –

Answer 29

ascends beneath mucous membrane

Question 30

Laryngopharynx: Inferior laryngeal vessels –

Answer 30

run with recurrent laryngeal n.

Question 31

Recall that the pharynx is a

Answer 31

drape of musculature that is suspended from the cranial base. The posterior midline is the attachment of the R & L pharyngeal muscles, which attaches at the pharyngeal tubercle.

Question 32

A special band of muscle, the palatopharyngeal sphincter originates from the

Answer 32

anterolateral surface of the soft palate and circles the inner aspect of the pharyngeal wall, blending with the inner aspect of the superior constrictor.

Question 33

Thus, the palatopharyngeus muscle functions to

Answer 33

elevate the pharynx and in closure of the oropharyngeal isthmus.

Question 34

When the superior constrictor constricts during swallowing, it forms a prominent

Answer 34

ridge on the deep aspect of the pharygneal wall that catches the margins of the elevated soft palate, which then seals closed the pharyngeal isthums between the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

Question 35

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: Arises from

Answer 35

pterygomandibular raphe & medial pterygoid plate & mandible

Question 36

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: | Meets buccinator m.

Answer 36

anteriorly

Question 37

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: | Anchored to

Answer 37

pharyngeal tubercle of skull superiorly

Question 38

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: Arises from

Answer 38

greater horn of hyoid bone & inferior portion of stylohyoid ligament

Question 39

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: | Overlaps

Answer 39

superior constrictor m.

Question 40

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: | Stylohyoid ligament, Stylopharyngeus m & CN IX pass between

Answer 40

supr. & middle constrictor mm.

Question 41

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: | Arises from

Answer 41

thyroid & cricoid cartilages

Question 42

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: | Overlaps

Answer 42

middle constrictor m.

Question 43

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor m.: | Internal laryngeal n. & superior laryngeal a. pass between

Answer 43

middle & inferior constrictor mm. | Then these pierce thyrohyoid membrane

Question 44

Elevators – Pharyngeal musculature

Answer 44

longitudinally orientated | Palatopharyngeas m.

Question 45

Stylopharyngeus m. -

Answer 45

arises from styloid process | Descends to blend with fibers of lower constrictor mm.

Question 46

Salpingopharyngeus m. –

Answer 46

arises from auditory tube Descends to blend with fibers of palatopharyngeus m. Covered by salpingopharyngeal fold of mucosa

Question 47

Pharynx: Arterial Supply: Predominantly via

Answer 47

ascending pharyngeal & superior thyroid aa. (brs. of ECA)

Question 48

Pharynx: Arterial Supply: Additional supply via

Answer 48

brs. of facial & maxillary aa. (brs. of ECA)

Question 49

Tonsillar brs of lingual & facial aa.

Answer 49

Both brs. of external carotid a.

Question 50

Ascending pharyngeal a.

Answer 50

Br. of external carotid a.

Question 51

Tonsillar br. of the

Answer 51

Ascending Palatine a.

Question 52

Lesser palatine a.

Answer 52

Br. of descending palatine a.

Question 53

Pharynx: Innervation: Supplied via

Answer 53

pharyngeal plexuses of nn.

Question 54

Pharynx innervation: Superior cervical ganglion – supplies

Answer 54

symp. nn. to plexus

Question 55

Pharynx innervation: CN X – supplies

Answer 55

motor to pharyngeal mm.

Question 56

Pharynx innervation: CN IX – supplies

Answer 56

motor to stylopharyngeus m & sensory to pharynx

Question 57

Loss of motor nn. to pharynx leads to

Answer 57

marked dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

Question 58

Loss of sensory nn. to pharynx may cause loss of

Answer 58

gag reflex

Question 59

Pharyngeal Tonsil: Consists of lymphoid tissue in

Answer 59

roof of nasopharynx

Question 60

Pharyngeal Tonsil: When enlarged, referred to as

Answer 60

adenoids

Question 61

Pharyngeal Tonsil: Large adenoids obstruct

Answer 61

air flow from nose to nasopharynx Makes mouth breathing necessary May also impinge upon torus turbarius & auditory tube orifice Obstructs air exchange between nasopharynx & middle ear

Question 62

Piriform Recess: Accidentally swallowed objects may become

Answer 62

trapped here

Question 63

Piriform Recess: Induce

Answer 63

choking sensation & severe coughing | Due to stimulation of int. & rec. laryngeal nn.

Question 64

Piriform Recess: Sharp objects may pierce

Answer 64

mucosa Leads to infection Injures underlying nn. &/or vessels

Question 65

Pterygomandibular raphe

Answer 65

lateral attachment for superior constrictor,

Question 66

Border of oropharynx and nasopharynx

Answer 66

soft palate

Question 67

Border of oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Answer 67

epiglottis

Question 68

Epiglottis is a soft

Answer 68

seal

Question 69

Soft palate forms a

Answer 69

hard seal

Question 70

Palatopharyngeal sphincter is where

Answer 70

soft palate seals

Question 71

Internal laryngeal

Answer 71

sensory

Question 72

External laryngeal

Answer 72

motor to cricothyroid

Question 73

Pharyngeal raphe maintains

Answer 73

tension on posterior wall

Question 74

Cricopharyngeal muscle

Answer 74

inferior specialization of inferior constrictor

Question 75

Salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeas

Answer 75

3 elevators of pharynx

Question 76

internal laryngeal nerve

Answer 76

in fold below piriform recess

Question 77

Pharyngealepiglotic fold - lateral aspect of

Answer 77

valeculla

Question 78

Superior pharyngeal constrictor and buccinator share attachment at

Answer 78

pterygomandibular tubercle

Question 79

Pharyngeal fossa

Answer 79

room for vasculature

Question 80

Oropharyngeal triangle

Answer 80

exactly as it sounds

Question 81

Pharynx extra arterial supply

Answer 81

inferior thyroid a., pharyngeal branches

Question 82

Pharynx venous drainage to

Answer 82

IJV

Question 83

lymph tissue in pharynx

Answer 83

palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil - forms ring

Question 84

Deglutition

Answer 84

swallowing

Question 85

Swallowing

Answer 85

press bolus to roof with tongue tense soft palate, depress around bolus, elevate soft palate against pharynx (palatopharyngeal isthmus is where it seals). Now superior pharyngeal constrictor starts to constrict, tongue to roof fully, moves bolus inferiorly which drops epiglottis over laryngeal inlet (not a valve seal). Constriction of MPconstrictor and IPconstrictor moves bolus to esophagus.