4- Formation of Identity & Personality Flashcards
Freud
- Identity & Personality
- Psychosexual development
- In early life, you have experiences which relate to bodily functions
- everything is a result of your inner drives & childhood
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Freud- psychoanalyst
But Frasier = psychoanalyst- everything result of inner drives, may be childhood
- As you’re growing, you experience bodily functions in a variety of ways, and if you don’t resolve some associated stresses/tensions, you can become fixated
- if you don’t succeed at one of these stages, you stop
Oral
0-1 years of age
breastfeeding
fixated = dependency
Anal
1-3 y/o
toilet training
fixation = excessive messiness or orderliness/anal retentiveness
Phallic
- 3-5 y/o
- penis
- Oedipus/electra- sexual desire of parent, jealous of other; fear castration as male, want penis as female, envious of penises
Latency
- Libido is sublimated
- 5-puberty
Genital
- puberty+
- if everything before is resolved, we will engage in normal, heterosexual relationships
Erikson- 8 Psychosocial conflicts
1) Trust vs mistrust
2) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
3) Initiative vs Guilt
4) Industry vs Inferiority
5) Identity vs Role confusion
6) Intimacy vs Isolation
7) Gererativity vs Stagnation
8) Integrity vs Despair
- At every stage of life, we have an existential question we are trying to resolve
- Unlike Freud, you don’t get stuck at a stage, you may just have more baggage
Erikson #1- Trust vs Mistrust
- 0-1 y/o
- Can I trust the world?
Erikson #2- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- 1-3 y/o
- Is it okay to be me?
Erikson #3- Initiative vs Guilt
- 3-6 y/o
- is it okay for me to do, move, and act?
Erikson #4- Industry vs Inferiority
- 6-12 y/o
- Can I make it in the world of people and things?
Erikson #5- Identity vs Role confusion
- 12-20 y/o
- Who am I? What can I be?
Erikson #6- Intimacy vs Isolation
- 20-40 y/o
- Can I love?
Erikson #7- Gererativity vs Stagnation
- 40-65 y/o
- Can I make my life count?
Erikson #8- Integrity vs Despair
- 65+ y/o
- Was my life well-lived?
Kohlberg- Moral Reasoning
- Kohlberg = moral reasoning
- Gave stories and questions and categorized answers based on REASONING
- Heinz Dilemna
- his wife is sick, pharmacist invents drug- only cure in world but ridiculously expensive; is Heinz morally allowed to steal the drug for his wife?
Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional morality
- Believes progresses w/ age, not entirely accurate
- Gilligan said Kohlberg is looking too much at logic, emotions matter too
Kohlberg #1- Preconventional Morality
-Pre-adolescent
Stages:
1) Obedience - you were told to/fear of punishment
2) Self-interest - you get a reward/avoid punishment
- you say something is right/wrong b/c you’ll be punished or rewarded for it
- at self level
Kohlberg #2- Conventional Morality
-Adolescent to Adulthood
Stages:
3) Conformity - what everyone else does
4) Law and Order - it’s the law; if everyone did wrong thing society would collapse
-at societal level
Kohlberg #3- Postconventional Morality
-Adulthood (if at all)
Stages:
5) Social Contract - I won’t steal from you, don’t steal from me or greater good of universe
6) Universal Human Ethics- it’s wrong to steal or life is more important than all
Vygotsky
Culture/Learning and IDENTITY
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
- The group of skills that a child is learning but hasn’t mastered yet
- Skills we learn are w/ respect to another, more knowledgeable other
ex) parent helps you ride bike = skill moves from zone of proximal development to a skill you actually have
Influences of other on identity
- Role taking- observe and imitate others
- Reference group- the people we compare ourselves to and how that makes us feel about ourselves/self concept
Psychoanalytic perspective
- your personality is how you act, not identity/who you are
- you personality is developed based on internal states/drives/instincts that make who you are
Psychoanalytic- Freud
Id- pleasure principle; take care of all survival and reproduction needs / primal needs
-related to “idc i just want this need fulfilled”
Superego- refined needs, ideal self; social etiquette
- divided into conscience & ego-ideal
- related to guilt
- Conscience = acknowledge actions that are punished
- Ego-ideal = acknowledge actions that are rewarded
Ego- organizes mind; reality; moderates desires of superego and impulses of id; decides
*Iceberg Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious Conscious- thoughts you can consciously access Pre-repressed Un-no access; all of Id
Iceberg- superego on one half
Ego on top of other half; at top of unconscious
Id on bottom of other half
Freud
-Based on instincts, which make us act primitively for biological needs
Life instincts = eros = quest for survival- thirst, hunger, sex
Death instincts = thanatos = unconscious wish for death & destruction
KNOW THE DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1) repression
2) suppression
3) regression
4) reaction formation
5) projection
6) rationalization
7) displacement
8) sublimation
repression
-defense mech
unconsciously remove it from your memory/consciousness - b/c traumatic, Ego protecting you
ex) war prisoner forgets his time there
suppression
-defense mech
consciously remove it from memory/consciousness
ex) terminally ill person forgets that he’s gonna die to enjoy time w/ loved ones
regression
-defense mech
go to earlier developmental stage
ex) adult speak in baby talk when bad news; tantrums
reaction formation
-defense mech
unacceptable impulse is formed into opposite
ex) arguing all the time b/c attracted to e/o
projection
-defense mech
attribute your wishes, thoughts, and emotions to someone else
ex) a cheater accuses his wife of cheating w/o evidence
rationalization
-defense mech
justify behavior, attitude, beliefs
ex) a murderer saying that the victim deserved it
displacement
-defense mech
change emotional target but same emotions
ex) when grounded, child punches pillow
sublimation
-defense mech
channel socially unacceptable impulse into acceptable one
ex) a boss who is attracted to employee becomes her mentor instead
thematic apperception test (TAT)
-projective test
interpret this picture
Rorschach test
- projective test
- inkblots
Carl Jung
- another psychoanalyst
- Freud’s student
“it’s not about drives, it’s more about interpersonal relationships” + culture + society
conscious mind = ego
unconscious mind = personal unconsciousness (Freud’s unconscious) + collective unconscious (instincts we share from ancestors; building blocks of personality that everyone seems to have- 4 Jungian archetypes: persona, anima/F, animus/M, shadow)
archetypes- images/elements of collective unconscious / common experiences like having mom & dad, or god vs devil
Self = conscious mind + collective unconscious + personal unconscious
Word association testing- respond to a word with first word coming to mind- tests unconscious
INF from him, J from Myer Briggs
persona
-Jungian archetype- part of collective unconscious
the part of our personality we show world
anima
-Jungian archetype- part of collective unconscious
men’s inner woman / qualities
animus
-Jungian archetype- part of collective unconscious
women’s inner man / qualities
shadow
-Jungian archetype- part of collective unconscious
- evolutionarily inherited animal instincts
- like Freud’s Id
- unpleasant thoughts, not socially acceptable
The self (Jung)
- intersection of collective unconscious which is organized into archetypes, personal unconscious, and conscious mind
- similar to self-discrepancy theory: we have different selves and for those who all 3 are similar are the healthiest
Sanskrit mandala - you are a circular being
Jung’s dichotomies of personality
-extrovert vs introvert
-sensing (objective world info sensed) vs intuiting (abstract info)
-thinking (logic) vs feeling
Myer-brigs added Judging (orderly) vs Perceiving (spontaneous)
-Jung was a prototype of trait theory- these are traits ppl have
Alfred Adler
- superiority complex / inferiority complex
- some are ruling type, getting type (dependent) etc = “style of life”
healthiest: “socially useful type”- you work to better everyone
Karen Horney
moving toward, moving away, moving against
-how we deal w/ conflict and people
find resolution / avoid bad people / direct conflict, try to gain upper hand
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
-those who are self-actualized have more peak experiences (deep, moving experiences = more profound person)
Carl Rogers
Father of HUMANIST psychology
-client-centered approach
instead of seeing people as a collection of urges, see people as people- a person is a WHOLE PERSON- HOLISTIC care
UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD- you have to accept the negative things people have done- I’m here to help you, not to judge you
Type theorists vs Trait theorists
Type theorists- separate people into personality types / taxonomy
- Sheldon and the somatotypes- you’re tall and thin so you have this personality
- Hogwart’s sorting hat
ex) Type A vs Type B
A- stress prone, impatient, excel in pressure and speed, prefer orderliness/strict schedule
B- sensitive, proactive, reflective, not rushed, complex judgements, creative
Trait theorists- you cannot put people under one label
- you have certain traits in your personality
ex) Myer-Brigs
Eysenck’s PEN Model
Psychotic vs Extrovert vs Neurotic
Psychotic- social deviance
Extraversion- tolerance of social interaction
Neurotic- emotional arousal in stressful situations
This has been EXPANDED into the big 5 personality traits- OCEAN
Openness- imaginative, liking variety, try new things
Conscientiousness - organized, disciplined
Agreeable- trusting, helpful, peace and harmony in interactions
Traits categorized as 3 types
Gordon Allport
cardinal, central, 2ndary
- cardinal traits- traits you organize life around (Mother Teresa = sacrifice)- not everyone has this trait but they have the other 2
- central traits- major characteristics that are easy to infer (honest, charisma)
- 2ndary traits- limited in occurrence- happen w/ specific people or close groups
functional autonomy- behavior continues despite satisfaction of drive which created behavior
ex) people hunted to eat but some hunt for fun
Other theories of personality
Behaviorist- your personality is learned b/c you’re rewarded or punished for things you do
Skinner, operant conditioning
Social-Cognitive- reciprocal determinism- your env affects your personality and your personality affects your env
Biological- instinctive pieces of personality, ie hormones
