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MCAT Psych - My set > 4- Formation of Identity & Personality > Flashcards

4- Formation of Identity & Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Freud

A
  • Identity & Personality
  • Psychosexual development
  • In early life, you have experiences which relate to bodily functions
  • everything is a result of your inner drives & childhood

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Freud- psychoanalyst

But Frasier = psychoanalyst- everything result of inner drives, may be childhood

  • As you’re growing, you experience bodily functions in a variety of ways, and if you don’t resolve some associated stresses/tensions, you can become fixated
  • if you don’t succeed at one of these stages, you stop
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2
Q

Oral

A

0-1 years of age
breastfeeding
fixated = dependency

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3
Q

Anal

A

1-3 y/o
toilet training
fixation = excessive messiness or orderliness/anal retentiveness

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4
Q

Phallic

A
  • 3-5 y/o
  • penis
  • Oedipus/electra- sexual desire of parent, jealous of other; fear castration as male, want penis as female, envious of penises
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5
Q

Latency

A
  • Libido is sublimated

- 5-puberty

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6
Q

Genital

A
  • puberty+

- if everything before is resolved, we will engage in normal, heterosexual relationships

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7
Q

Erikson- 8 Psychosocial conflicts

A

1) Trust vs mistrust
2) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
3) Initiative vs Guilt
4) Industry vs Inferiority
5) Identity vs Role confusion
6) Intimacy vs Isolation
7) Gererativity vs Stagnation
8) Integrity vs Despair

  • At every stage of life, we have an existential question we are trying to resolve
  • Unlike Freud, you don’t get stuck at a stage, you may just have more baggage
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8
Q

Erikson #1- Trust vs Mistrust

A
  • 0-1 y/o

- Can I trust the world?

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9
Q

Erikson #2- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

A
  • 1-3 y/o

- Is it okay to be me?

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10
Q

Erikson #3- Initiative vs Guilt

A
  • 3-6 y/o

- is it okay for me to do, move, and act?

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11
Q

Erikson #4- Industry vs Inferiority

A
  • 6-12 y/o

- Can I make it in the world of people and things?

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12
Q

Erikson #5- Identity vs Role confusion

A
  • 12-20 y/o

- Who am I? What can I be?

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13
Q

Erikson #6- Intimacy vs Isolation

A
  • 20-40 y/o

- Can I love?

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14
Q

Erikson #7- Gererativity vs Stagnation

A
  • 40-65 y/o

- Can I make my life count?

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15
Q

Erikson #8- Integrity vs Despair

A
  • 65+ y/o

- Was my life well-lived?

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16
Q

Kohlberg- Moral Reasoning

A
  • Kohlberg = moral reasoning
  • Gave stories and questions and categorized answers based on REASONING
  • Heinz Dilemna
  • his wife is sick, pharmacist invents drug- only cure in world but ridiculously expensive; is Heinz morally allowed to steal the drug for his wife?

Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional morality

  • Believes progresses w/ age, not entirely accurate
  • Gilligan said Kohlberg is looking too much at logic, emotions matter too
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17
Q

Kohlberg #1- Preconventional Morality

A

-Pre-adolescent

Stages:

1) Obedience - you were told to/fear of punishment
2) Self-interest - you get a reward/avoid punishment

  • you say something is right/wrong b/c you’ll be punished or rewarded for it
  • at self level
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18
Q

Kohlberg #2- Conventional Morality

A

-Adolescent to Adulthood

Stages:

3) Conformity - what everyone else does
4) Law and Order - it’s the law; if everyone did wrong thing society would collapse

-at societal level

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19
Q

Kohlberg #3- Postconventional Morality

A

-Adulthood (if at all)

Stages:

5) Social Contract - I won’t steal from you, don’t steal from me or greater good of universe
6) Universal Human Ethics- it’s wrong to steal or life is more important than all

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20
Q

Vygotsky

A

Culture/Learning and IDENTITY

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

  • The group of skills that a child is learning but hasn’t mastered yet
  • Skills we learn are w/ respect to another, more knowledgeable other
    ex) parent helps you ride bike = skill moves from zone of proximal development to a skill you actually have
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21
Q

Influences of other on identity

A
  • Role taking- observe and imitate others

- Reference group- the people we compare ourselves to and how that makes us feel about ourselves/self concept

22
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A
  • your personality is how you act, not identity/who you are

- you personality is developed based on internal states/drives/instincts that make who you are

23
Q

Psychoanalytic- Freud

A

Id- pleasure principle; take care of all survival and reproduction needs / primal needs
-related to “idc i just want this need fulfilled”

Superego- refined needs, ideal self; social etiquette

  • divided into conscience & ego-ideal
  • related to guilt
  • Conscience = acknowledge actions that are punished
  • Ego-ideal = acknowledge actions that are rewarded

Ego- organizes mind; reality; moderates desires of superego and impulses of id; decides

*Iceberg
Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
Conscious- thoughts you can consciously access
Pre-repressed
Un-no access; all of Id

Iceberg- superego on one half
Ego on top of other half; at top of unconscious
Id on bottom of other half

24
Q

Freud

A

-Based on instincts, which make us act primitively for biological needs

Life instincts = eros = quest for survival- thirst, hunger, sex

Death instincts = thanatos = unconscious wish for death & destruction

25
Q

KNOW THE DEFENSE MECHANISMS

A

1) repression
2) suppression
3) regression
4) reaction formation
5) projection
6) rationalization
7) displacement
8) sublimation

26
Q

repression

-defense mech

A

unconsciously remove it from your memory/consciousness - b/c traumatic, Ego protecting you
ex) war prisoner forgets his time there

27
Q

suppression

-defense mech

A

consciously remove it from memory/consciousness

ex) terminally ill person forgets that he’s gonna die to enjoy time w/ loved ones

28
Q

regression

-defense mech

A

go to earlier developmental stage

ex) adult speak in baby talk when bad news; tantrums

29
Q

reaction formation

-defense mech

A

unacceptable impulse is formed into opposite

ex) arguing all the time b/c attracted to e/o

30
Q

projection

-defense mech

A

attribute your wishes, thoughts, and emotions to someone else
ex) a cheater accuses his wife of cheating w/o evidence

31
Q

rationalization

-defense mech

A

justify behavior, attitude, beliefs

ex) a murderer saying that the victim deserved it

32
Q

displacement

-defense mech

A

change emotional target but same emotions

ex) when grounded, child punches pillow

33
Q

sublimation

-defense mech

A

channel socially unacceptable impulse into acceptable one

ex) a boss who is attracted to employee becomes her mentor instead

34
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

-projective test

interpret this picture

35
Q

Rorschach test

A
  • projective test

- inkblots

36
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • another psychoanalyst
  • Freud’s student

“it’s not about drives, it’s more about interpersonal relationships” + culture + society

conscious mind = ego

unconscious mind = personal unconsciousness (Freud’s unconscious) + collective unconscious (instincts we share from ancestors; building blocks of personality that everyone seems to have- 4 Jungian archetypes: persona, anima/F, animus/M, shadow)

archetypes- images/elements of collective unconscious / common experiences like having mom & dad, or god vs devil

Self = conscious mind + collective unconscious + personal unconscious

Word association testing- respond to a word with first word coming to mind- tests unconscious

INF from him, J from Myer Briggs

37
Q

persona

-Jungian archetype- part of collective unconscious

A

the part of our personality we show world

38
Q

anima

-Jungian archetype- part of collective unconscious

A

men’s inner woman / qualities

39
Q

animus

-Jungian archetype- part of collective unconscious

A

women’s inner man / qualities

40
Q

shadow

-Jungian archetype- part of collective unconscious

A
  • evolutionarily inherited animal instincts
  • like Freud’s Id
  • unpleasant thoughts, not socially acceptable
41
Q

The self (Jung)

A
  • intersection of collective unconscious which is organized into archetypes, personal unconscious, and conscious mind
  • similar to self-discrepancy theory: we have different selves and for those who all 3 are similar are the healthiest

Sanskrit mandala - you are a circular being

42
Q

Jung’s dichotomies of personality

A

-extrovert vs introvert
-sensing (objective world info sensed) vs intuiting (abstract info)
-thinking (logic) vs feeling
Myer-brigs added Judging (orderly) vs Perceiving (spontaneous)

-Jung was a prototype of trait theory- these are traits ppl have

43
Q

Alfred Adler

A
  • superiority complex / inferiority complex
  • some are ruling type, getting type (dependent) etc = “style of life”
    healthiest: “socially useful type”- you work to better everyone
44
Q

Karen Horney

A

moving toward, moving away, moving against
-how we deal w/ conflict and people
find resolution / avoid bad people / direct conflict, try to gain upper hand

45
Q

Maslow

A

Hierarchy of needs

-those who are self-actualized have more peak experiences (deep, moving experiences = more profound person)

46
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Father of HUMANIST psychology
-client-centered approach

instead of seeing people as a collection of urges, see people as people- a person is a WHOLE PERSON- HOLISTIC care

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD- you have to accept the negative things people have done- I’m here to help you, not to judge you

47
Q

Type theorists vs Trait theorists

A

Type theorists- separate people into personality types / taxonomy

  • Sheldon and the somatotypes- you’re tall and thin so you have this personality
  • Hogwart’s sorting hat

ex) Type A vs Type B
A- stress prone, impatient, excel in pressure and speed, prefer orderliness/strict schedule
B- sensitive, proactive, reflective, not rushed, complex judgements, creative

Trait theorists- you cannot put people under one label

  • you have certain traits in your personality
    ex) Myer-Brigs
48
Q

Eysenck’s PEN Model

A

Psychotic vs Extrovert vs Neurotic

Psychotic- social deviance
Extraversion- tolerance of social interaction
Neurotic- emotional arousal in stressful situations

This has been EXPANDED into the big 5 personality traits- OCEAN

Openness- imaginative, liking variety, try new things
Conscientiousness - organized, disciplined
Agreeable- trusting, helpful, peace and harmony in interactions

49
Q

Traits categorized as 3 types

A

Gordon Allport
cardinal, central, 2ndary

  • cardinal traits- traits you organize life around (Mother Teresa = sacrifice)- not everyone has this trait but they have the other 2
  • central traits- major characteristics that are easy to infer (honest, charisma)
  • 2ndary traits- limited in occurrence- happen w/ specific people or close groups

functional autonomy- behavior continues despite satisfaction of drive which created behavior
ex) people hunted to eat but some hunt for fun

50
Q

Other theories of personality

A

Behaviorist- your personality is learned b/c you’re rewarded or punished for things you do
Skinner, operant conditioning

Social-Cognitive- reciprocal determinism- your env affects your personality and your personality affects your env

Biological- instinctive pieces of personality, ie hormones

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