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MCAT Psych - My set > 2 - Additional Notes from Videos & Book > Flashcards

2 - Additional Notes from Videos & Book Flashcards

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1
Q

Visual anatomy

A
  • As iris gets bigger, pupil gets smaller
  • Lens focuses light (convex lens) - converging point at retina
  • Retina- duplexity
  • Retina- photons/absorb light, to electrical signal
  • Light absorbing portion of photoreceptors faces back of retina
  • Membrane shelves / discs lined with rhodopsin
  • Mitochondria, synapse at front of retina

-Rods- single rhodopsin pigment; less detail but night vision

  • Cones- shorter membrane shelf; 3 opsin pigments = color, detail- red, green, blue; bright light
  • concentrated at fovea
  • 1 cone cell per bipolar cell; multiple rod cells = less detail
  • also reason for less cones than rods overall (20x more rods than cones)
  • bipolar cells - gradients
  • horizontal and amacrine cells - ancillary/support for bipolar; info from multiple retinal cells; edge detections and contrasts = refined
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2
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Info eyes to brain

  • temporal fibers, nasal fibers
  • optic chiasm- nasal fibers cross
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3
Q

Visual Processing

A

LGN of thalamus, visual cortex of occipital lobe, superior colliculus, midbrain

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4
Q

Visual processing

A

1) Parallel processing - identify key characteristics, commit to memory, recall name or description of object- simultaneous analysis of color, shape, motion
2) Feature detection - recognize features to identify desired object in visual field; filter out important info

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5
Q

Dim Room

A
  • involuntary muscles of iris contract

- enlarge pupil

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6
Q

Object in front of right eye

A

is still processed by both hemispheres b/c right side of object processed by left visual field which goes to the left hemisphere

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7
Q

Outer ear

A

-Pinna/auricle, ear lobe, external auditory canal, meets tympanic membrane

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8
Q

Sound waves

A

longitudinal waves- a wave that vibrates in the direction of propagation
-period (time for one full wave to pass), speed, frequency

period=1/freq

Frequency = number of waves/revolutions per sec = pitch
(amplitude/loudness = intensity)

sound waves hitting your ear drum and vibrating is literally moving air particles

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9
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • ossicles
  • connects to Eustachian tube - part of nasal cavity; equalizes pressure; ear popping in plane
  • oval window
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10
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • Vestibule, 3 semicircular canals, cochlea
  • Cochlea = hearing apparatus; has hair cells- signal transduction of turning vibrations into nerve impulses
  • Perilymph cushions and transmits vibrations from oval window to cochlear duct
  • Endolymph fills cochlea and semicircular canals- bathes hair cells
  • Basilar membrane separates perilymph and endolymph
  • Tectorial membrane is immobile
  • Hair cells (not hair, tufts of cilia/stereocilia with mechanosensory receptors)
  • Hair cells depolarize when tufts of cilia bend when they come into contact with the immobile tectorial membrane
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11
Q

Semicircular canals & Vestibule

A

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
3 —- X, Y, Z axes
-rotational acceleration

VESTIBULE

  • Linear acceleration - utricle = hor, saccule = verti.
  • Balance & orient in space

Both have hair cells sensitive to movement

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12
Q

Auditory Processing

A

Signal from cochlea to auditory nerve, to superior olive, to inferior colliculus, relayed to MGN, to temporal cortex

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13
Q

Smell

A

Olfactory chemoreceptors

  • many
  • specific
  • lie in olfactory epithelium

-once chemical binds, signal to olfactory bulb (forebrain) -olfactory tract, to higher regions of brain

(Eyes: chiasm to tract to brain; Nose: bulb to tract to brain)

  • Pheromones bind olfactory receptors
  • –contain endocrine info; mating/food foraging
  • dunno if humans can detect pheromones
  • HIPPOCAMPUS not thalamus
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14
Q

Taste

A
  • Tongue chemoreceptors in taste buds in papillae
  • Sour = acid; Salt = alkali metals
  • Umami/savory, bitter, sweet- specific molecules
  • Molecule binds to taste buds- into to brainstem, to thalamus, to higher brain
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15
Q

Somatosensation

A
  • info through PNS
  • 4 modalities: pressure, vibration, temp, nociception
  • 2 point threshold- minimum distance to detect 2 distinct stimuli
  • physiological zero- temp that feels neutral to our skin/body; if it feels hotter, it’s hotter than your skin
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16
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

=proprioception
-where our limbs are in space = orientation/body position

PROPRIORECEPTORS in MUSCLES AND JOINTS
-hand-eye coordination, balance, mobility

-a football player will use his kinesthetic sense, vestibular sense (balance, detect acceleration), somatosensation (feel ball reach hands), nociception (is he injured)

  • if a woman can recover from balance while her eyes are closed, her vestibular sense is gucci (doing great lol)
  • if she’s bumping into people in crowds, if she’s aiming to touch her nose and hits her cheek, if she’s bumping into things, her kinesthetic sense is wonky
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17
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

sensation = transduction; perception = processing

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18
Q

Psychophysics

A

associated w/ sensation and perception

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19
Q

Ganglia

A

collection of neuron cell bodies - CNS

tract = CNS, nerves = PNS

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20
Q

projection areas

A

motor cortex

vs association areas- prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

pressure, movement

hair

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22
Q

osmoreceptors

A

blood osmolarity; kidneys

23
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum INTENSITY at which SIGNAL is transduced 50% of time

SENSATION

varies w/ threshold of conscious perception - does not reach higher order/consciousness

24
Q

Io

A

absolute threshold of normal human hearing

10^-12 W/m^2

25
Q

limina

A

thresholds

subliminal = below threshold

26
Q

difference threshold

A

just-noticeable difference
Weber’s

3 Hz / 440 Hz = x / 1000 Hz; x = 6.8 Hz

100 and 125 detectable, which is right? (100%, 125%)
5, 6 x
25, 35 :)
125, 150 x (same)
225, 275 x
27
Q

discrimination testing

A 
find JND
conscious perception (color gradient) & difference threshold (auditory)
28
Q

Signal detection theory

A

how our sensation/perception thresholds change based on internal and external contexts

internal - personality/shy
external- loud room, hear your name

ASSOCIATE W/ HIT/MISS EXPT

signal present = noise trial (response: Y = hit, N = miss)
signal absent = catch trial (Y = false alarm; N = correct neg)

Related: type 1/2 errors

Reject Ho (if was true, type 1 error; if false, yay)
FTR Ho (if Ho was true, yay, if false, type 2 error)

problem - response bias

29
Q

optic disc

A
  • blind spot

- ganglion nerves converge to optic nerve

30
Q

fovea

A

in macula
cones

Cones = S/short wavelength = blue; M = green; L/long = red

less cones than rods b/c one cone per bipolar cell vs many rods

31
Q

vitreous humor

A
  • gel-like and less clear than the watery aqueous humor

- eye shape/roundness

32
Q

what produces aqueous humor?

what drains it?

A

posterior chamber (in front of lens, behind iris); specifically ciliary body, which iris is continuous w/

anterior chamber is in front of iris and lens

Canal of Schlemm drains it
-if issue w/ it- pressure = glaucoma, which is hereditary

33
Q

Vessels

A

choroidal & retinal

34
Q

Iris

A
  • dilator pupillae, constrictor pupillae
  • if iris constricts, pupil dilates

continuous w/ ciliary body, which includes ciliary muscle

far object = stretch lens = stretched zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments) = relaxed ciliary muscle

35
Q

Zonular fibers

A

Lens shape; ACCOMMODATION!!!!
near/far
suspensory ligaments

36
Q

Retina

A

DUPLEXITY theory of vision

rods/cones

37
Q

EDGE DETECTION

A

-b/w bipolar and ganglion cells, associated w/ bipolar

AMACRINE and HORIZONTAL cells

38
Q

Optic pathway

A

optic nerve -> optic chiasm (decussation of nasal fibers; not temporal/lateral) -> optic tracts to LGN then occipital

39
Q

If you cleaved the optic chiasm…

A

you can still see in both eyes but your left eye would only see your right visual field and right eye would only see left visual field

40
Q

Superior colliculus

A
  • midbrain
  • sensorimotor reflexes
  • deer in headlight— head doesn’t move, eyes follow sound

-inferior + superior involved in auditory startle

auditory- flinch neck, eye in same place while moving head

41
Q

Parallel processing

A

-simultaneous processing of color, form/shape, depth, motion
=feature detection

-feature detectors in visual cortex
we associate patterns of stimuli w/ expected behaviors, w/ help of feature detection

shape = parvo cells; motion = magno cells
(parvocellular, magnocellular) in LGN

Parvo- high spatial resolution, low temporal
opposite for magno
=blurry images

42
Q

Depth perception

A

mostly monocular cues

-binocular neurons compare inputs in each hemisphere, detect differences

Monocular cues

  • relative size: closer objects are larger
  • interposition: in overlapping objects, front one is closer
  • linear perspective = convergence of parallel lines
  • motion parallax

Binocular

  • retinal disparity- eyes 2.5 inches apart; dif images in retinas = depth perception- used in VR- give each eye a slightly dif image
  • convergence- brain detects the angle between two eyes (look at nose = much convergence)
  • constancy - perceiving object as same even if env changes
43
Q

Bony & Membranous Labyrinths

A

bony has perilymph

Membranous has endolymph

44
Q

What’s the ampulla?

A

-base of semicircular canals, w/ hair cells

Semicircular canals = rotational acc
linear = vestibule

45
Q

Linear acceleration

A

-vestibule = linear acc (rot = semi. canals)
-part of bony labyrinth
Contains utricle and saccule, which has modified hair cells w/ otoliths

46
Q

What is the superior olive?

A

In brainstem, localizes sound
“where’s the sound coming from”?

Auditory pathway: vestibulocochlear nerve - brainstem - MGN of thalamus - auditory cortex/temporal + superior olive + inferior colliculus

I.C. for startle reflex and fix eyes on point while moving head (vestibulo-ocular reflex)

47
Q

Place theory

A

Perceived pitch directly results from the location of hair cells that vibrate when exposed to frequency
-higher frequencies vibrate hair cells closer to oval window

type of sound is irrelevant; same freq sounds should sound the same way

Place theory: “our PERCEPTION of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane”

Cochlea is TONOTOPICALLY organized - which hair cell vibrates gives brain indication of sound pitch

48
Q

Stereocilia

A

Hair cells

Cochlea; place theory

49
Q

Sound

A 
Frequency = pitch
Loudness = intensity
50
Q

The horrid corpuscles

A 
Pacinian- deep pressure/vibration
Meissner- light touch
Merkle discs- deep pressure/texture
Ruffinian- Stretch
Free nerve endings- pain, temp
51
Q

Gate theory of pain

A 
gate on nociceptors
brain can turn pain on/off
pain = smaller nerve fibers
explains why rubbing an injury seems to reduce pain of injury (touching sensation overpowers pain)
forehead kiss on toddler

may or may not be right but first theory

52
Q

Processing

A 
Bottom-up = data driven = science/inductive
Top-down = conceptually driven = influenced by experiences & memories = more prone to error = deductive

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION combines both processing to make complete picture

53
Q

Gestalt

A

whole > sum of parts

Proximity - make shapes
OOO
OO
O

Similarity —-triangle among background of dots
………[]……….
…..[]…..[]……
…[]….[]….[]…

OR alternating rows of gray and white balls

Good continuation
2 overlapping squiggles looks like just that rather than 2 jagged lines
OR a + sign is 2 overlapping lines rather than 2 L’s

Subjective contours = incomplete shapes make “psuedooutline” of shape in middle

Closure - a square is not seen as 4 L’s slightly apart

Law of Pragnanz = explains gestalt
See things simply/symettrically

MCAT Psych - My set (26 decks)

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