Chapter 3 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
acetabul/o
acetabulum
metacarp/o
metacarpals
ankyl/o
stiff
metatars/o
metatarsals
arthr/o
joint
my/o
muscle
articul/o
joint
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
burs/o
bursa
myos/o
muscle
calc/o
calcium
necr/o
death
calcane/o
calcaneus
olecran/o
olecranon
carp/o
carpus
orth/o
bone
chondr/o
cartilage
oss/e; oss/i
bone
clavicul/o
clavicle
pariet/o
side
cost/o
rib
oste/o
bone
costal/o
rib
patell/o
patella
crani/o
skull
ped/o
child; foot
dactyl/o
toes; digits
pelv/i
pelvis; pelvic bone; hip
erg/o
work
perone/o
fibula
fasci/o; fasc/i
fascia
phalang/o
phalanges; digits
femor/o
femur
pub/o
pubis
fibros/o
fibrous connective tissue
radi/o
radius; x-ray
fibul/o
fibula
rhabdomy/o
striated (skeletal) muscle
hem/o
blood
rheumat/o
watery flow
hemat/o
blood
sacr/o
sacrum
humer/o
humerus
sarc/o
connective tissue (flesh)
hydr/o
fluid; water
scapula/o
scapula
ili/o
ilium
sphen/o
wedge
isch/o
ischium
spondyl/o
vertebra
kinesi/o
movement
stern/o
sternum
kyph/o
humpback; bent; hump
synov/o
synovial membrane; tendon sheath
lacrim/o
tear; tear duct
tars/o
tarsus
lamin/o
lamina
ten/o
tendon
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle
tendin/o
tendon
ligament/o
ligament
tibi/o
tibia
lord/o
curve; swayback; bent backward
ton/o
tension
malleol/o
malleolus
uln/o
ulna
mandibul/o
mandible; lower jaw
vertebr/o
vertebra
maxilla/o
maxilla; upper jaw
hyper-
above; excessive
a-, an-
no; not; without
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
ab-
away from
inter-
between
ad-
toward
meta-
change; beyond
amph-
around; on both sides; doubly
pan-
all
anti-
against
peri-
surrounding; around
de-
lack of; down; less; removal of
poly-
many; much
dia-
through; complete
sub-
under; below
dys-
bad; painful; difficult; abnormal
supra-
above; upper
electro-
electricity
sym-
together; with
endo-
in; within
syn-
together; with
epi-
above; upon; on
-ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ic, -ous
pertainingto
-oma
tumor; mass; fluid collection
-algia
pain
-osis
abnormal condition
-blast
immature; embryonic
-pathy
disease condition
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
-pexy
surgical fixation; to put in place
-clast
to break
-physis
to grow
-cyte
cell
-plasia
development; formation; growth
-desis
surgical fixation; to bind; tie together
-plasty
surgical repair
-dynia
pain
-poiesis
formation
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
-porosis
condition of pores (spaces)
-emia
blood condition
-rrhaphy
suture
-fication
process of making
-sclerosis
hardening
-genesis
producing; forming
-scopy
visual examination
-graphy
process of recording
-tome
instrument to cut
-ion
process
-tomy
process of cutting; incision
-itis
inflammation
-therapy
treatment
-kinesis
movement
-trophy
development; nourishment
-malacia
softening
-y
condition
-metry
measurement
AAHA
American Animal Hospital Association
Ortho
Orthopedic or Orthopedic Procedure
ACL
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
PDR
Physician’s Desk Reference
AVMA
American Veterinary Medical Association
PROM
Passive Range of Motion
Bilat.
Bilateral
R (in circle)
Right
CAR
Congenital Articular Rigidity
ROM
Range of Motion
CCL; CrCL
Cranial Cruciate Ligament
RVT
Registered Veterinary Technician
CVT
Certified Veterinary Technician
THR
Total Hip Replacement
DVM
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
TPLO
Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
EMG
Electromyogram
TPO
Triple Pelvic Osteotomy
L (in circle)
Left
TTA
Tibial Tuberosity Advancement
LVT
Licensed Veterinary Technician
VPB
Veterinary Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals
NAVTA
National Association of Veterinary Technicians of America
Osseous Tissue
Bone Tissue
Ossification
Bone formation
Osteoblast
Bone cell that forms bone tissue (immature bone cell)
Osteoclast
Bone cell that absorbs & removes bone tissue (phagocyte of bone)
Osteocyte
Bone cell
Calcium
Combines w/ phosphorus to form hard material in bones and teeth
Articular cartilage
Thin layer of cartilage covering the surface of bones at a joint
Cancellous bone
Spongy or porous bone found at the ends of long bones & inner portions of long bones
Collagen
Structural protein making up the white fibrous strands found in bone
Compact bone
Hard, dense, bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bone (cortical bone)
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
Endosteum
Inner lining of bone
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous region of long bones where lengthwise growth occurs (growth plate)
Physis
Growth plate
Epiphysis
Each end of a long bone, made of cancellous bone & cover w/ articular cartilage
Medullary cavity
Central, hollowed out portion in the shaft of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow
Metaphysis
Flared portion of a long bone between the epiphyseal plate & diaphysis
Periosteum
Membrane surrounding bone, contains blood vessels & nerves
Red bone marrow
In cancellous bone, site of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Yellow bone marrow
In the diaphysis of bone, consists of fatty tissue
Long Bones
Longer than they are wide, ie. femur
Short Bones
Cuboidal (cube shaped), ie. carpals
Flat Bones
Two sheets of compact bone that allow for protection, are flat & thin, ie. scapula
Sesamoid Bones
Small bones that are embedded in tendons, sesame seed shaped, ie. patella
Irregular Bones
Don’t fit in any other category, ie. vertebrae
Acetabulum
cup-like depression in pelvis that makes the hip joint
Bone Head
rounded articular process separated from the shaft by a neck
Condyle
knuckle-like projections at the distal end of some long bones
Crest
high projection or border projection of a bone
Foramen
hole in bone that allows for the passage of nerves & vessels
Fossa
shallow cavity or depression in bone
Groove
narrow, linear depression (sulcus)
Olecranon
bony process at the proximal end of the ulna
Sinus
hollow space or cavity in bone
Trochanter
large, blunt, roughened process on the femur for attachment of muscles & tendons
Tubercle
rounded process on bones for attachment of muscles & tendons
Tuberosity
small roughened process on bones for attachment of muscles & tendons
Calcaneus
one of the tarsal bones that sits in the back of the tarsus (ankle bone)
Vertebral Formula for Dogs/Cats
C7 T13 L7 S3(fused) Ca(Cy) 3-24
Vertebral Formula for Horses
C7 T18 L6 S5(fused) Ca(Cy)15-21
Os penis
Bone in penis of some carnivores
Os rostri
Bone in the nose of pigs
Os cordis
Bone found in the heart of ruminants
Achondroplasia
Hereditary condition in which bones & cartilage of limbs don’t grow to normal size
Amputation
Removal of a limb or other appendage
Calcification
Deposit of calcium salts in tissue
Callus
Bone deposit formed at the ends of bone fracture, is absorbed as fracture is repaired & replaced by bone
Chemonucleolysis
dissolving a portion of the center of an IVD to treat herniated disk
Crepitation
crackling sounds produced by grating of broken bones (crepitus)
Decalcification
loss of calcium in bone and teeth
Dislocation
displacement of bone form its joint
Fracture
sudden breaking of bone
Herniation ofIVD
abnormal protrusion of an IVD into neural cavity or spinal nerves
Immobilization
act of preventing a bone from being moved (sutures, bandages, casts)
Kyphosis
abnormal, increased, dorsal curvature of spine (hunchback)
Laminectomy
removal of part of vertebral arch to relieve pressure from a ruptured IVD
Lordosis
downward/ventral curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
Orthopedic
branch of surgery dealing w/ skeletal system
Osteoporosis
decreased bone density due to loss of bone tissue
bones become porous & fragile, can break easily
Reduction
correction of fracture
Sequestrum
piece of dead bone tissue that has separated from healthy bone during necrosis
synarthroses joint
joints joined together by a suture (bones of skull)
amphiarthroses joint
joints that allow for limited movement (vertebrae)
diarthroses (synovial) joints
joints w/ varying degrees of movement (hip, elbow, shoulder, hock, etc)
enarthoses or spheroid joint
ball & socket, rounded head of one bone fits into socket of another (hip, shoulder)
arthrodial joints
gliding, joint surfaces are flat allowing for gliding motion (carpus)
ginglymus joints
hinge, joint allows for movement in one plane (elbow, stifle)
trochoid joints
pivot, pulley-shaped or pivot-like joints (atlanto-axial joint in neck)
saddle joints
only in humans/primates, surface of both bones are concave in one plane and convex in the other (thumb)
Articulation
where two or more bones come together (joint)
Bursa
sac of fluid near a joint that acts as lubrication to ease friction between tissues, bones & ligaments
Ligament
connective tissue binds bone to bone
Synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint, contains synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
viscous fluid within synovial cavity that acts as lubrication between bones
Synovial joint
freely movable joint (diarthrosis)
Synovial membrane
membrane lining synovial cavity that produces synovial fluid
Tendon
connective tissue that binds muscle to bone
Anterior drawer sign
cranial movement of proximal tibia in relation to distal femur, check for CCL damage in sifle
Congenital articular rigidity (CAR)
condition from birth in which joint of limbs are fixed in position
Extra capsular technique (extra cap)
technique using nonabsorbent suture to replace the cranial cruciate ligament
Gait
Manner of walking
Gout
inflammation of a joint due to increase in uric acid crystals
Lame; lameness
incapable of normal locomotion
Luxation
displacement of a bone from its joint (dislocation)
Pannus
inflammatory fluid overlying synovial cells, seen in rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
inflammation of joints due to autoimmune disease
Subluxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO)
Procedure that changes slope of tibial plateau to help stabilize stifle after tearing the CCL
Tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA)
procedure to advance tibial tuberosity to stabilize stifle after tearing CCL
Total hip replacement (THR)
replacement of femoral head & acetabulum to correct hip dysplasia
Triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO)
procedure in which pelvis is cut in 3 places to change angle the acetabulum meets the femoral head to correct hip dysplasia
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
dorsiflexsion
backward bending (flexion)
extension
increasing the angle between two bones at a joint
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint
pronation
act of turning the palmar or plantar surface downward
supination
act of turning the palmar or plantar surface upward
rotation
circular movement that turns a body part around an axis
adhesion
fibrous band that connects two surfaces that are normally separate, results from scar tissue forming around incisions
ambulatory
able to walk
atrophy
no development due to a decrease from the normal cell size
hyperplasia
increased development due to an increase in cell numbers
laxity
looseness
myasthenia
muscle weekness
myasthesnia gravis
syndrome of muscular weakness that is aggravated by activity & relieved by rest
myoclonus
repetitive contractions of skeletal muscles that persist during sleep
myotonia
disorder in which there’s a delayed relaxation of muscle after contraction
tenosynovitis
inflammation of tendon & tendon sheath
tetany
continuous muscle spasms or twitching
tonus
muscle tone; balanced muscle tension
