3.9 -- Volume Regulation

Question 1

Volume regulation is the regulation of what two things?

Answer 1

Plasma volume and blood pressure

Question 2

Volume regulation’s purpose is what?

Answer 2

Proper blood flow to tissues (oxygen/nutrient supply, elimination of wastes)

Question 3

Volume regulation is regulated mainly by renal handling of what two things?

Answer 3

Sodium and water

Question 4

What is a function of plasma volume?

Answer 4

Blood pressure

Question 5

Volume regulation is regulated long-term by matching renal output of salt and water to intake what?

Answer 5

Hormones

Question 6

How much of the body is water?

Answer 6

50-60%

Question 7

Water is a major component of all tissues except what (which is only about 20% water)?

Answer 7

Adipose tissue

Question 8

About 2/3rds of the body water is in the extracellular or intracellular fluid, leaving 1/3rd to the other?

Answer 8

2/3rds is in the intracellular fluid

Question 9

Which fluid is plasma and interstitial fluid?

Answer 9

Extracellular fluid

Question 10

20-25% of the ECF is in the plasma or interstitial space, leaving the other 75-80% in the other?

Answer 10

20-25%: Plasma
75-80%: Interstitial fluid

Question 11

Fluid can enter the system via ingestion or “non-physiological’ routes such as what?

Answer 11

IVs

Question 12

Fluid loss is via what four things?

Answer 12

Lungs, skin, intestine, or kidneys

Question 13

Kidneys are physiologically the most important of the four due to it regulating what?

Answer 13

Water balance

Question 14

All entry or loss of water is into or out of the ICF or ECF?

Answer 14

Extracellular fluid

Question 15

What is the sum of solutes dissolved in water?

Answer 15

Osmolality

Question 16

The ECF and ICF are typically made of comparable osmolality, meaning no net movement of what between the two?

Answer 16

Water

Question 17

Is sodium primarily an ECF ion or ICF ion?

Answer 17

ECF ion

Question 18

A stable ECF volume depends upon renal mechanisms that ensure a balance between what two things with intake and output via ingestion and excretion?

Answer 18

Water and sodium (Na+)

Question 19

What are the four functions of the kidney?

Answer 19

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

Question 20

Where does filtration take place?

Answer 20

Blood to kidney tubule

Question 21

Where does reabsorption take place?

Answer 21

Kidney tubule back to blood

Question 22

Where does secretion take place?

Answer 22

Blood to the kidney tubule

Question 23

Where does excretion take place?

Answer 23

From kidney tubule out of the body (pee)

Question 24

Each kidney is composed of approximately 1 million units called what?

Answer 24

Nephrons

Question 25

The kidney functions to filter what and excrete what?

Answer 25

Blood, wastes

Question 26

The kidney functions to maintain water, salt, and what other thing's balance?

Answer 26

Electrolyte

Question 27

What are the four parts of the kidney?

Answer 27

Glomerulus, proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, and distal tubule

Question 28

Which part of the kidney has lots of space for reabsorption?

Answer 28

Long tubule

Question 29

How much of cardiac output do the kidneys recieve?

Answer 29

Approximately 22%

Question 30

Renal blood flow far exceeds metabolic what?

Answer 30

Demand

Question 31

Where is blood flow filtered?

Answer 31

Glomerulus

Question 32

The high flow allows for precise control of fluid volume/composition and rapid removal of waste mostly by selective what?

Answer 32

Reabsoprtion

Question 33

The two capillary beds for the kidney are the glomerulus (filtration) and what (reabsoprtion)?

Answer 33

Peritubular

Question 34

The kidneys function to regulate extracellular fluid volume and what?

Answer 34

Blood pressure

Question 35

The kidneys function to regulate all ions of what?

Answer 35

Osmolality

Question 36

The kidneys function to maintain ion what of each ion?

Answer 36

Balance

Question 37

The kidneys function to regulate what homeostatically?

Answer 37

pH

Question 38

The kidneys function to excrete what?

Answer 38

Waste

Question 39

The kidneys function to produce what?

Answer 39

Hormones

Question 40

The proximal tubule reabsorbs water and sodium similarly, which reabsorbs what percentage?

Answer 40

65%

Question 41

How much of Na+ is reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle?

Answer 41

25%

Question 42

In the Loop of Henle, the descending limb reabsorbs what?

Answer 42

Water

Question 43

In the Loop of Henle, the ascending limb is what impermeable but can reabsorb what?

Answer 43

Water, Na+/sodium

Question 44

The distal tubule/collecting duct regulates absorption of what via aldosterone?

Answer 44

Sodium/Na+

Question 45

How much of reabsorption is regulated by the distal tubule/collecting duct?

Answer 45

10%

Question 46

The urinary excretion of a substance depends on what three things?

Answer 46

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Question 47

The epithelium around glomerular capillaries is modified into what?

Answer 47

Podocytes

Question 48

Net filtration pressure and filtration coefficient are two things that influence what?

Answer 48

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 49

Hydrostatic pressure is the what in glomerulus?

Answer 49

Blood pressure

Question 50

Osmotic pressure is the what?

Answer 50

Plasma proteins (albumin)

Question 51

Hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and fluid pressure in renal bowman's capsule are the three things that regulate what?

Answer 51

Net filtration pressure

Question 52

Surface area of glomerular capillaries available for filtration and permeability of interface between the capillary and bowman's capsule are two things that regulate what?

Answer 52

Filtration coefficient

Question 53

What is pretty stable in a healthy person?

Answer 53

Filtration coefficient

Question 54

Is albumin filtered?

Answer 54

No, it is too big to be filtered

Question 55

Reabsorption occurs via epithelial cell (transcellular) what?

Answer 55

Transport

Question 56

Substances cross apical and basolateral membranes of the tubule epithelial cells -- What via secondary active transport?

Answer 56

Na+

Question 57

Substances pass through the cell via cell junctions by paraceullar what? Water follows what via osmosis?

Answer 57

Pathway, Na+

Question 58

Reabsorption in the proximal tubule by Na+ occurs via co-transport and what other transport?

Answer 58

Secondary active transport

Question 59

Is there normally glucose in the urine?

Answer 59

No

Question 60

The major site of Na+ handling in the Loop of Henle is where?

Answer 60

Ascending limb

Question 61

The sodium reabsorption is dependent upon Na+-K+-2Cl- and Na/K+ ATPase (1^0 what sodium pumps)?

Answer 61

active

Question 62

Primary active transport of sodium and water separately occur where in the Loop of Henle?

Answer 62

Sodium in ascending limb and water in descending limb

Question 63

The descending limb does passive absorption of what?

Answer 63

Water

Question 64

About 10% of filtered Na+ reaches distal system, with the kidney having potential for almost complete absorption of all what entering the tubule?

Answer 64

Sodium/Na+

Question 65

Intercalated cells and principal cells are the two cell types of what?

Answer 65

Distal system

Question 66

Which cell type has no sodium transporting function and is involved in H+ transport?

Answer 66

Intercalated cells

Question 67

Which cell type reabsorbs Na+?

Answer 67

Principal cells

Question 68

Which hormone increases number of Na+ channels for more reabsorption of Na+?

Answer 68

Aldosterone

Question 69

What regulates the hormonal release of aldosterone?

Answer 69

Low blood pressure and low glomerulus filtration rate

Question 70

Granular cells secrete what in response to decreases in systemtic BP/GFR? Under-stimulation of stretch receptors in the what arteriole?

Answer 70

Renin, affarent

Question 71

What is a very potent vasoconstrictor that increases TPR and BP?

Answer 71

Angiotensin 2

Question 72

Which part of the tubule system in the kidney does active transport? What about secondary active transport? What about under hormone regulatory control?

Answer 72

Secondary Active Transport: Proximal Tubule Active Transport: Loop of Henle Hormone Regulatory Control: Distal tubule

Question 73

"RAAS": Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Sodium System increases what via Ang 2-induced vasoconstriction?

Answer 73

Blood pressure

Question 74

RAAS increases what by reabsorption of almost all Na+ and coincident water?

Answer 74

Blood volume