2.1 -- Introductions of Neurons

Question 1

What is used to make endocrine signaling work and what is the distance?

Answer 1

Hormones and it is long distance

Question 2

How long is the time scale for endocrine signaling?

Answer 2

A very long time scale

Question 3

What is the distance for neuronal signaling and what is the time scale?

Answer 3

Close proximity and very fast (milliseconds)

Question 4

How does neuronal signaling work?

Answer 4

Via electrical impulses and chemical (neurotransmitters)

Question 5

What is another name for a chemical or ligand?

Answer 5

Neurotransmitters

Question 6

The brain and spinal cord are part of what system?

Answer 6

Central nervous system

Question 7

The sensory neurons leading to the CNS or the spinal nerve groups are part of what system?

Answer 7

Peripheral nervous system

Question 8

What are the two cell groups in the nervous system?

Answer 8

Neurons and glial cells

Question 9

What do neurons do? Can they divide?

Answer 9

Conduct electrical impulses but generally can not divide

Question 10

What do neuroglia (glial cells) do? Can they divide?

Answer 10

Support the neurons and can divide but can’t conduct electrical impulses

Question 11

Which type of nerve cell can’t make more neurons?

Answer 11

Neuroglia (Glial cells)

Question 12

What releases chemical regulators (neurotransmitters), responds to chemical and physical stimuli, and conducts electrical impulses, which leads to a rapid change in charge?

Answer 12

Neurons

Question 13

Neurons enable perception of sensory what, learning, and what?

Answer 13

Stimuli, learning, and memory

Question 14

Neurons control what (2 words) and regulate what?

Answer 14

Muscle contraction and glands

Question 15

How do neuron signals work?

Answer 15

Chemical (from another cell) to electrical (within the cell) to chemical (to another cell)

Question 16

The structure of the neuron contains what three things?

Answer 16

Axon, dendrites, and cell bodies

Question 17

What do dendrites do?

Answer 17

Receive chemical signals and conduct a graded impulse toward the cell body

Question 18

What do axons do?

Answer 18

Conducts action potential away from the cell body towards the terminal

Question 19

Where are voltage-gated channels located?

Answer 19

Along the axon

Question 20

A cluster of neurons in the CNS are called what?

Answer 20

Nuclei

Question 21

A cluster of neurons in the PNS are called what?

Answer 21

Ganglia

Question 22

Where are ligand-gated channels located in the neuron?

Answer 22

Typically on the dendrites

Question 23

How are neurons classified structurally?

Answer 23

Based on the direction impulses are conducted

Question 24

What do sensory (afferent) neurons do?

Answer 24

Conduct impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

Question 25

What do motor (efferent) neurons do?

Answer 25

Conduct impulses from the CNS to target organs (muscles or glands)

Question 26

What are the two main classes of motor neurons?

Answer 26

Somatic and autonomic motor neurons

Question 27

What are the two classes of autonomic motor neurons?

Answer 27

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 28

What do somatic motor neurons do?

Answer 28

Responsible for reflexes and voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Question 29

What do autonomic motor neurons do?

Answer 29

Innervate involuntary targets such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 30

What does the parasympathetic autonomic system do?

Answer 30

"Rest and digest" with normal functions

Question 31

What does the sympathetic autonomic system do?

Answer 31

"Fight or flight" with emergency situations or exercise

Question 32

What are the two types of neuroglia (glial cells) in the PNS?

Answer 32

Schwann cells and satellite cells

Question 33

What do Schwann cells do?

Answer 33

Form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons

Question 34

What do satellite cells do?

Answer 34

Support cell bodies of neurons in the PNS

Question 35

What are the four types of neuroglia in the CNS?

Answer 35

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

Question 36

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 36

Form myelin sheaths around the axons of the CNS neurons

Question 37

What do microglia do?

Answer 37

Migrate around CNS tissue and phagocytize foreign and degenerated material

Question 38

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 38

Regulate the external environment of the neurons and thought to help form synapses

Question 39

What do ependymal cells do?

Answer 39

Line the ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

Question 40

Capillaries in the brain do not have pores, so instead they use what between adjacent cells?

Answer 40

Tight junctions

Question 41

Is movement in the blood-brain barrier transcellular across the membrane or paracellular between the cells?

Answer 41

Transcellular across the membrane

Question 42

What secretes regulatory molecules that support the tight junctions between cells that line blood vessels in the brain?

Answer 42

Astrocytes

Question 43

Substances can only be moved by very selective processes of diffusion through what three things?

Answer 43

Endothelial cells, active transport, and bulk transport

Question 44

What is a graded potential?

Answer 44

A small local charge

Question 45

What is an action potential?

Answer 45

Large electrical signal sent down the axon