1.6 -- Macromolecule Digestion and Absorption Flashcards
What does each of the following polymers break down into when it’s a monomer? Carbohydrate, triglyceride, and protein
Carbohydrate – Glucose
Triglyceride – Fatty acids
Protein – Amino acids
Digestion breaks polymers into monomer building blocks, which absorption then uses to put into the what so they can be used by cells?
Bloodstream
Major nutrients are enzymatically split into their component molecules by what?
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth what what, which breaks down polysaccharides into shorter chains?
Salivary amylase
The second step of carbohydrate digestion skips the stomach as it is too acidic and moves to the intestines, which breaks down the short chains into disaccharides using what?
Pancreatic amylase
The final step of carbohydrate digestion is done with turning the disaccharides into monosaccharides using what?
Brush border enzymes
What GLUT is insulin-dependent and is the skeletal muscles and adipocytes?
GLUT 4
Which GLUT is insulin-independent and includes the liver, pancreas, and small intestine?
GLUT 2
GLUTs transport glucose via what way?
Facilitated diffusion
SGLTs transport glucose via what way?
Secondary active transport
Are SGLTs insulin-independent or insulin-dependent?
Insulin-independent
Where does protein digestion begin and what two substances does it use to produce short-chain polypeptides from denatured proteins?
The stomach and pepsin/hydrochloric acid
Protein digestion’s 2nd step occurs in the duodenum/jejunum where trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase get the final products of some dipeptides and tripeptides along with what?
Amino acids
What are the three major digestive enzymes used to breakdown proteins in the intestines?
Trypsin, carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsin
How do the products of protein digestion get into enterocytes?
Secondary active transport
The free amino acids and dipeptides/tripeptides once they are hydrolyzed, move into blood capillaries via what?
Facilitated diffusion
Where does fat digestion begin and what is used to emulsify the fats?
Intestines (Duodenum) and bile/lipase
Phospholipase A from the pancreas is used to digest phospholipids into what?
Fatty acids
The third step of digesting fats turns them into blank, which turns them into mixed blank, which are then absorbed into the enterocytes?
Micelles
Once inside the cell, the fatty acids turn back into what, which are part of chylomicrons, which secrete into the lymphatics via exocytosis?
Triglycerides
Fat transport occurs in chylomicrons via the lymph because…
Chylomicrons are too large to pass through endothelium
The pancreas secretes an inactive zymogen form as an exocrine function, which needs a blank change to become an active enzyme?
Biochemical
Enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen, having it become trypsin to digest what?
Proteins
Trypsin actives other what, which include lipase, carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin, and elastase?
Enzymes
