1.8 -- Metabolism, Thyroid, and Cortisol Flashcards
Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the what?
Blood
Hormones are carried to target cells which have what?
Receptors
What endocrine gland is attached to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum?
Pituitary gland
The anterior lobe secretes what six hormones?
ACTH (adencorticotropic hormone), FHS (follicle-stimulating hormone), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
What are the three steps to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
1). Hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary via hormones
2). The anterior pituitary endocrine cells are acted on via the hormones
3). The anterior pituitary releases the hormone for the rest of the body
Which hormone released from the hypothalamus has the anterior pituitary gland release adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which is sent to the adrenal cortex?
Corticotropin-release hormone (CRH)
Which hormone released from the hypothalamus has the anterior pituitary gland release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is sent to the thyroid gland?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
The final product of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulates secretion of pituitary hormones at either the hypothalamus level or pituitary level, called what?
Negative feedback inhibition
What two hormones are made in the posterior part of the pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
The adrenal medulla secretes what two hormones in response to sympathetic neural stimulation?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
The adrenal cortex is glandular epithelium and secretes what hormones in response to ACTH?
Steroid hormones
The adrenal cortex secretes hormones made from what, called corticoids or corticosteroids?
Cholesterol
Match the zona and its function with what it secretes
Zona reticularis (DHEA), zona fasciculata (cortisol) – regulates glucose metabolism, and zona glomerulosa (aldosterone) – regulates Na+ and K+ balance
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens
Zona reticularis (DHEA) – Adrenal androgens
Zona fasciculata (cortisol) – Regulates glucose metabolism – Glucocorticoids
Zona glomerulosa (aldosterone) – Regulates Na+ and K+ balance – Mineralocorticoids
What, also known as hydrocortisone:
1). Stimulates protein degradation and decreases cellular uptake of amino acids in skeletal muscle
2). Stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake to raise blood glucose levels
3). Stimulates lipolysis
Cortisol
What stimulates the release of T3 (Triiodothrynine) and T4 (Thyroxine)?
Thyroid-stimulting hormone (TSH)
Hollow spaces called thyroid follicles are lined with what type of epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
The follicular cells of the thyroid also make what?
Thyroglobulin
Which is the active form and has a half life of 3 days?
T3
What is the inactive form and has a half-life of about 7 days but can be converted into the active form by iodinases in cells?
T4
Are the receptors widespread in almost every cell body for thyroid hormones?
Yes
How much more T4 is secreted than T3?
About x10
