3.6 Criteria Flashcards
What is social hierarchy?
A rank order within a group of animals
A social hierarchy has dominant members who carry out what?
Ritualistic threat displays
A social hierarchy has subordinate members who carry out what?
Appeasement behaviour to reduce conflict
Social hierarchies increase the chances of what? (Hint think genes)
The individuals favourable genes being passed on to offspring
Animals often form what in social hierarchies?
Alliances
Why do animals form alliances in social hierarchies?
To increase their social status
Cooperative hunting benefits dominant and subordinate animals as they gain what?
Gain more food than by hunting alone
Cooperative hunting allows individuals to what? (energy)
Expend less energy than by hunting alone
What does cooperative hunting also allow? (prey)
Allows larger prey with a higher energy value to be caught
What does cooperative hunting increase the chances of?
A successful hunt than by hunting alone
What do social defence strategies increase?
Survival chances
What do social defence strategies allow some individuals in a group to do?
To feed while others look for potential predators
What is meant by social defence strategies? and give an example
Adopting a specialised formation to protect young, when under attack. e.g. Baboons and musk oxen
Fill in the gaps:
Altruistic ____________ harms the _________ but benefits the ___________
Behaviour
Donor
Recipient
Altruistic behaviour may be common if?
The donor and recipient are related
The donor benefits in Kin selection as the survival chances of shared genes increases in what?
The recipients offspring (or future offspring) e.g. vampire Bats
What is reciprocal altruism?
The reversal of the roles of donor and recipient
Reciprocal altruism occurs in what type of animals? and give an example.
Social animals e.g. Grooming in chimpanzees
Name 4 examples of social insects.
- Bees
- Wasps
- Ants
- Termites
Only some individuals contribute reproductively. Name these individuals (honeybees)
Queens (female) and drones (males)
Most members of a colony (honeybee colony) are what kind of individuals?
Sterile workers (female)
Workers cooperate with close relatives to raise relatives to increase what?
The survival of shared genes (kin selection)
Bee workers have specific roles such as (4)
a) building the nest/hive
b) defending the colony/hive
c) collecting pollen and performing waggle dances
d) feeding and grooming the larvae
What does the waggle dance show to other workers?
Show the direction and distance of food sources
Name 3 examples of primates?
Humans, monkeys, apes
Primates show a long period of what type of care?
Parental care to allow learning of complex social behaviour in foraging, hunting and recognising danger.
Complex social behaviours support what?
The social hierarchy
Complex social behaviours reduce what?
Conflict
Name 3 examples of social behaviours:
- Ritualistic threat display
- Appeasement
- Forming alliances
Explain what is meant by ritualistic display.
Repeated behaviour in reproductive or conflict situations e.g. facial expression, body posture
Explain what is meant by appeasement behaviour.
Subordinate uses this to reduce aggression in dominant individual e.g. grooming, facial expression, body posture and sexual presentation
Explain what is meant by alliances.
Alliances formed between individuals to increase or maintain social status
