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Higher Biology Dornoch A > 1.3 Criteria > Flashcards

1.3 Criteria Flashcards

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1
Q

What does gene expression involve?

A

Involves the transcription and translation of DNA sequences.

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2
Q

Name 3 types of RNA:

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

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3
Q

What does RNA nucleotides comprise of?

A

A ribose sugar, phosphate and one of four bases (C, G, A, U)

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4
Q

What is the name of the base U, that replaces thymine?

A

Uracil

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5
Q

What is the function on mRNA?

A

To carry a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to a ribosome.

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6
Q

Where is mRNA transcribed from DNA?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

mRNA is translated into proteins by ribosomes where?

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Each triplet of bases on mRNA is called what?

A

Codon

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9
Q

What does a codon code for?

A

specific amino acids

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10
Q

Why is a tRNA molecule folded?

A

Due to complementary base pairing.

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11
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

To carry a specific amino acid to a ribosome.

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12
Q

A tRNA molecule has an anticodon. What is this?

A

An anticodon is a triplet of bases at one end and an attachment site for a specific amino acid at the other end.

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13
Q

What does a ribosome comprise of?

A

rRNA and proteins

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14
Q

What is transcription?

A

The production of a copy of the genetic code on DNA as mRNA can move out of the nucleus .

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15
Q

As RNA polymerase moves along DNA, what does it do?

A

It unwinds the double helix and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases.

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16
Q

What is the primary transcript of mRNA made from?

A

Is made from RNA nucleotides using complementary base pairing.

17
Q

How is the primary transcript used to produce the mature mRNA transcript?

A

It is spliced together

18
Q

Are introns coding or non-coding regions of the primary mRNA transcript?

A

non-coding regions which are removed

19
Q

Are exons coding or non-coding regions of the primary mRNA transcript?

A

Coding regions which are joined together to form the mature mRNA transcript

20
Q

In the mature mRNA transcript do exons remain in the same sequence?

A

Yes, they do not change order

21
Q

Where does the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide occur? And what else does it involve?

A

At the ribosome
Involves tRNA

22
Q

What does sequential translation of mRNA codons ensure?

A

Ensures the correct sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

23
Q

What is the name of the codon at the start and end of a mature mRNA transcript?

A

Start and finish codons

24
Q

How does an anticodon bind to mRNA codons?

A

By complementary base pairing

25
Q

The genetic code is translated into a sequence of what?

A

Amino acids

26
Q

How are amino acids joined together?

A

By peptide bonds

27
Q

tRNA molecules leave the ribosome after doing what?

A

Delivering a specific amino acid

28
Q

Different proteins may be produced from one gene as a result of what?

A

Alternative RNA splicing

29
Q

Different mature RNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on what?

A

Which exons are retained and which exons are removed

30
Q

Why do polypeptide chains have to be folded into a 3 dimensional shape?

A

To form a protein molecule

31
Q

Protein molecules are a result of what two interactions?

A

Hydrogen bonding and other interactions between individual amino acids

32
Q

Is there a small or large variety of protein molecule shapes?

A

Large variety

33
Q

What does the shape of a protein molecule determine?

A

The function of that protein

34
Q

How is the phenotype determined?

A

By proteins produced by gene expression

35
Q

What other factors can influence phenotype?

A

Environmental factors

Higher Biology Dornoch A (32 decks)

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