2.2 Criteria Flashcards
Define respiration:
The breakdown of respiratory substrates to release energy.
What are the three stages in respiration?
- Glycolysis
- Citric acid cycle
- Electron transport chain
What is glycolysis?
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cell cytoplasm
Name the two phases of glycolysis:
- energy investment stage
- energy payoff phase
ATP is required to phosphorylate glucose, and intermediates, during which phase of glycolysis?
Energy-investment phase
Phosphorylation in the energy investment phase of glycolysis results in what?
The generation of more ATP in the energy payoff phase
There is a NET GAIN of what in glycolysis?
ATP
What is the end product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
In what type of conditions can pyruvate be broken down to an acetyl group?
Aerobic conditions
Acetyl combines with conenzyme A to form what?
Coenzyme A
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
What 2 components combine with each other to form Citrate
The acetyl group of Acetyl conezyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
Citrate is converted back into oxaloacetate in a series of what?
Enzyme controlled steps
The citric acid cycle yeilds what?
ATP and carbon dioxide
What enzymes are involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Dehydrogenase enzymes
What do dehydrogenase enzymes do?
Remove hydrogen ions and electrons from metabolites and pass them to the coenzyme NAD to form NADH.
Hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed on to what?
The electron transport chain (ETC)
Where is the (ETC) electron transport chain located?
On the inner mitochondrial membrane
The ETC is a series of what?
Carrier proteins on the inner mirohondrial membrane
Electrons are passes along the ETC to release what?
Energy
The energy released by the ETC allows what?
Hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane
The flow of hydrogen ions through which membrane protein produces ATP?
ATP synthase
Hydrogen ions and electrons combine with what to form water
Oxygen
In the absence of oxygen fermentation occurs, where?
Cell cytoplasm
Compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation results in much less production of what?
ATP production
In animal cells, pyruvate in converted to what?
Lactate
Is the conversion of pyruvate to lactate reversible or irreversible?
Reversible
In plants and fungi, pyruvate is converted to what 2 components?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
Is the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide reversible or irreversible?
Irreversible
ATP is used to transfer what?
Energy to processes which require energy
Name cellular processes that require energy:
- Protein synthesis
- Contraction of muscles
- Active transport
- DNA replication
- Carbon fixation
