3.4 Eukaryotic cell structure Flashcards
What does an animal cell contain?
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- ribosome
- RER
- SER
- lysosomes
- golgi apparatus
What does a plant cell contain?
- cell wall
- vacuole
- chloroplast
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- RER
- SER
- golgi apparatus
Both animal and plant cells are __cellular.
Multicellular
What are made up of a nucleus?
- chromatin
- nucleolus
- nuclear envelope (outer+inner membrane)
- nuclear pore
- nucleoplasm
What are the functions of nucleus?
- control cell activities
- produce rRNA and ribosomes
- contain genetic material in cells
What is the function of chromatin?
Package DNA into a unit capable of fitting within the tight space of a nucleus.
What is the function of nucleolus?
Produce ribosomal RNA.
What is the function of nuclear pores?
Allow the passage of large molecules out of nucleus.
What is a nuclear envelope?
Double membrane
What are made up of a mitochondria?
- cristae
- matrix
- inner membrane
- outer membrane
- ribosome
- DNA
What are the functions of mitochondria?
- release energy by aerobic respiration
- produce ATP
What is the function of membranes (inner + outer)?
Control the entry and exit of materials.
What is the function of cristae?
Provide a large SA for attachment of enzymes and other protein that’s involved in respiration.
What is the function of matrix?
Contains protein, lipids, ribosomes and DNA, allowing the mitochondria to control the production of its own protein.
What are made up of a ribosome?
- large subunit
- small subunit
What is the function of ribosome?
Protein synthesis
What does ribosome contain?
- ribosomal RNA
- protein
What are the 2 types of ribosomes?
70S and 80S ribosomes
Which type of ribosome is found in eukaryotic cells?
80S
What is the difference between 70S and 80S ribosomes?
- 70S is smaller and 80S is bigger
- 70S is found in prokaryotic cells and 80S is found in eukaryotic cells
What is the full name of RER?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What are made up of a RER?
- cisternae
- ribosomes
What are the functions of RER?
- provide a large SA for the synthesis of protein
- transport protein
What is the full name of SER?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is made up of a SER?
Cisternae
What are the functions of SER?
Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates.
What is the difference between RER and SER?
RER contains ribosomes and SER doesn’t.
What does lysosomes contain?
Lysozymes - hydrolytic/digestive enzymes
What is lysosome surrounded by and why?
Membrane, to keep enzymes separate from cytoplasm.
What are the functions of lysosomes?
- digest pathogens using enzymes
- release enzymes
- break down cells after they have died
- digest old organelles
What are made up of a golgi apparatus?
- cisterna
- vesicles
What are the functions of golgi apparatus?
- produce glycoproteins (by adding carbohydrates to proteins)
- produce lysosomes
- produce secretory enzymes
- transport, modify and store lipids
- secrete (分泌) carbohydrates
What are made up of a cell wall?
- middle lamella
- plasmodesmata
What does cell wall contain?
Polysaccharides (eg. cellulose)
What are the functions of cell wall in plant cells?
- strengthen the cell
- prevent cell from bursting
- allow exchange of substances between cells
What is a middle lamella and what is its function?
A layer between two cell walls. It marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements (鞏固) adjacent cells together.
What is a plasmodesmata and what is its function?
A channel through two cell walls. It allows the exchange of substance between cells.
What are made up of the cell wall of algae?
Cellulose / glycoproteins / both
What are made up of the cell wall of fungi?
Chitin
What are made up of a chloroplast?
- chloroplast envelope (outer+inner membrane)
- granum
- thylakoid
- stroma
- intergranal lamella
- starch grain
- DNA
- ribosomes
What is the function of chloroplast?
Carry out photosynthesis
What is the function of chloroplast envelope?
Controls the entry and exit of materials.
What is a granum and what is its function?
A stack of disc-like structures called thylakoids. It is where light absorption (1st stage of photosynthesis) takes place.
What is inside thylakoid?
Chlorophyll
What is an intergranal lamella?
A membrane that connects grana (granum)
What is a stroma and what is its function?
A fluid-filled matrix. It is where sugar synthesis (2nd stage of photosynthesis) takes place.
What is within the stroma?
- starch grain
- DNA
- ribosomes
What are made up of a vacuole?
- tonoplast
- cell sap (細胞液)
What is a tonoplast?
Single membrane
What does the vacuole contain?
A solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes, and sometimes pigments (色素)
What are the functions of vacuole?
- keep the cell turgid
- act as a temporary food store
- pigments may colour the petals (花瓣)
