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A-Level AQA Biology > 3.4 Eukaryotic cell structure > Flashcards

3.4 Eukaryotic cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What does an animal cell contain?

A
  1. cell membrane
  2. nucleus
  3. mitochondria
  4. ribosome
  5. RER
  6. SER
  7. lysosomes
  8. golgi apparatus
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2
Q

What does a plant cell contain?

A
  1. cell wall
  2. vacuole
  3. chloroplast
  4. cell membrane
  5. nucleus
  6. mitochondria
  7. ribosomes
  8. RER
  9. SER
  10. golgi apparatus
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3
Q

Both animal and plant cells are __cellular.

A

Multicellular

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4
Q

What are made up of a nucleus?

A
  1. chromatin
  2. nucleolus
  3. nuclear envelope (outer+inner membrane)
  4. nuclear pore
  5. nucleoplasm
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5
Q

What are the functions of nucleus?

A
  1. control cell activities
  2. produce rRNA and ribosomes
  3. contain genetic material in cells
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6
Q

What is the function of chromatin?

A

Package DNA into a unit capable of fitting within the tight space of a nucleus.

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7
Q

What is the function of nucleolus?

A

Produce ribosomal RNA.

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8
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

Allow the passage of large molecules out of nucleus.

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9
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane

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10
Q

What are made up of a mitochondria?

A
  1. cristae
  2. matrix
  3. inner membrane
  4. outer membrane
  5. ribosome
  6. DNA
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11
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria?

A
  1. release energy by aerobic respiration
  2. produce ATP
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12
Q

What is the function of membranes (inner + outer)?

A

Control the entry and exit of materials.

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13
Q

What is the function of cristae?

A

Provide a large SA for attachment of enzymes and other protein that’s involved in respiration.

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14
Q

What is the function of matrix?

A

Contains protein, lipids, ribosomes and DNA, allowing the mitochondria to control the production of its own protein.

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15
Q

What are made up of a ribosome?

A
  1. large subunit
  2. small subunit
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16
Q

What is the function of ribosome?

A

Protein synthesis

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17
Q

What does ribosome contain?

A
  1. ribosomal RNA
  2. protein
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes?

A

70S and 80S ribosomes

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19
Q

Which type of ribosome is found in eukaryotic cells?

A

80S

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20
Q

What is the difference between 70S and 80S ribosomes?

A
  1. 70S is smaller and 80S is bigger
  2. 70S is found in prokaryotic cells and 80S is found in eukaryotic cells
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21
Q

What is the full name of RER?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

What are made up of a RER?

A
  1. cisternae
  2. ribosomes
23
Q

What are the functions of RER?

A
  1. provide a large SA for the synthesis of protein
  2. transport protein
24
Q

What is the full name of SER?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

25
Q

What is made up of a SER?

A

Cisternae

26
Q

What are the functions of SER?

A

Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates.

27
Q

What is the difference between RER and SER?

A

RER contains ribosomes and SER doesn’t.

28
Q

What does lysosomes contain?

A

Lysozymes - hydrolytic/digestive enzymes

29
Q

What is lysosome surrounded by and why?

A

Membrane, to keep enzymes separate from cytoplasm.

30
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  1. digest pathogens using enzymes
  2. release enzymes
  3. break down cells after they have died
  4. digest old organelles
31
Q

What are made up of a golgi apparatus?

A
  1. cisterna
  2. vesicles
32
Q

What are the functions of golgi apparatus?

A
  1. produce glycoproteins (by adding carbohydrates to proteins)
  2. produce lysosomes
  3. produce secretory enzymes
  4. transport, modify and store lipids
  5. secrete (分泌) carbohydrates
33
Q

What are made up of a cell wall?

A
  1. middle lamella
  2. plasmodesmata
34
Q

What does cell wall contain?

A

Polysaccharides (eg. cellulose)

35
Q

What are the functions of cell wall?

A
  1. strengthen the cell
  2. prevent cell from bursting
  3. allow exchange of substances between cells
36
Q

What is a middle lamella and what is its function?

A

A layer between two cell walls. It marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements (鞏固) adjacent cells together.

37
Q

What is a plasmodesmata and what is its function?

A

A channel through two cell walls. It allows the exchange of substance between cells.

38
Q

What are made up of the cell wall of algae?

A

Cellulose / glycoproteins / both

39
Q

What are made up of the cell wall of fungi?

A

Chitin

40
Q

What are made up of a chloroplast?

A
  1. chloroplast envelope (outer+inner membrane)
  2. granum
  3. thylakoid
  4. stroma
  5. intergranal lamella
  6. starch grain
  7. DNA
  8. ribosomes
41
Q

What is the function of chloroplast?

A

Carry out photosynthesis

42
Q

What is the function of chloroplast envelope?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials.

43
Q

What is a granum and what is its function?

A

A stack of disc-like structures called thylakoids. It is where light absorption (1st stage of photosynthesis) takes place.

44
Q

What is inside thylakoid?

A

Chlorophyll

45
Q

What is an intergranal lamella?

A

A membrane that connects grana (granum)

46
Q

What is a stroma and what is its function?

A

A fluid-filled matrix. It is where sugar synthesis (2nd stage of photosynthesis) takes place.

47
Q

What is within the stroma?

A
  1. starch grain
  2. DNA
  3. ribosomes
48
Q

What are made up of a vacuole?

A
  1. tonoplast
  2. cell sap (細胞液)
49
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

Single membrane

50
Q

What does the vacuole contain?

A

A solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes, and sometimes pigments (色素)

51
Q

What are the functions of vacuole?

A
  1. keep the cell turgid
  2. act as a temporary food store
  3. pigments may colour the petals (花瓣)

A-Level AQA Biology (27 decks)

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