33. Social Influence Flashcards
Refers to the effects of the presence of others on the way people think, feel and behave.
Social influence
Sociologist and philosophers had recognised that people ____ differently crowd than they do as individuals and that a crowd is more than the mere sum of its parts.
behave
They become anonymous and no longer consider themselves ____ for their behaviour.
accountable
The influence of implicit and explicit expectations of this sort provides the basis for ____-____ ____, in which false impressions of a situation evoke behaviour that, in turn, makes these impressions become true.
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES
Compliance with authority.
Obedience
Stanley Milgram (1963, 1974), ____ shock experiment.
Electric
The Milgram experiments demonstrated that most people will ____, without limitations of conscience, when they believe in order comes from a legitimate authority.
obey
Several factors influence obedience.
(1) . Proximity to the ____
(2) . Proximity to the ____
victim, experimenter
The disjunction between our beliefs about how we would behave and the way most of us would actually behave highlights a consistent finding social psychology – that is, our blindness to the power of ____ over our own behaviour.
situations
The effects of powerful situations tend to be ____ and hence to occur automatically and without conscious awareness.
implicit
Thus, when we predict our own behaviour, we tend to picture what we would consciously think and feel and to ____ the power of implicit situational pulls.
underestimate
Means changing attitudes or behaviour to accommodate the standards of peers or groups.
Conformity
Solomon Asch (1955, 1956) documented the power of ____, with a series of experiments involving different length lines.
conformity
The Asch experiments demonstrated that people tend to conform rather than to be the lone ____ voice.
dissenting
The Asch studies powerfully demonstrate the power of situations to ____ behaviour and attitude.
influence
Personality factors, however, also influence the tendency to conform. Individuals with ___ ___-____ and those who are especially motivated by the need for social approval are more likely to conform.
low self-esteem
A ____ is a collection of people whose actions affect the other group members.
Group
The behaviour of people in groups is dictated in large part by the norms operating within particular groups and the roles that individual members of the group play.
Characteristics of groups
____, or standards for behaviour, guide thought, feeling and behaviour, from the way people dress to their attitudes about sex, politics and lawyers.
Norms
Sometimes norms are explicit (e.g. dress code), but much of the time they are ____ (men do not wear dresses; peers do not issue commands to each other).
implicit
Different groups have different norms, and particularly in complex societies, people must pick and choose the norms to obey at any given moment because they ____ to many groups, which may have conflicting norms.
belong
Groups whose norms matter to an individual, and hence have an impact on the individuals behaviour, unknown as ____ ____. In other words, these are groups to which a person refers when taking action.
REFERENCE GROUPS
A reference group is considered ____ if the person tries to emulate its members and meet the standards. Not necessarily a positive influence. A Reference group is negative if a person rejects its members and disavows their standards.
positive
The norms operating in groups determine, in part, the ____ that individual group members play.
Roles
A ____ is a position in a group that has norms specifying appropriate behaviour for its occupants. Roles are essentially norms that are specific to particular people or subgroups.
ROLE
