20. Disorders Flashcards
The most common substance related disorder is ____.
alcoholism
____ ____ ____ are categorised by continued use of a substance (such as alcohol or cocaine) that negatively affects psychological and social functioning.
Substance related disorders
Research is clearly demonstrated both ____ ___ ____ contributions to alcoholism, although researchers are still trying to track down precisely how genetic transmission occurs in different individuals.
environmental and genetic
With ____, as with alcohol, substance use and abuse not synonymous, although for vulnerable individuals, use tends to lead to abuse.
marijuana
____ is an umbrella term for a number of psychotic disorders that involve disturbances and nearly every dimension of human psychology, including thought, perception, behaviour, language, communication and emotion.
Schizophrenia
Most forms of schizophrenia begin in the late ____ and early 20s.
teens
Preoccupation with delusions or auditory hallucinations. Little or no disorganised speech, disorganised or catatonic behaviour, or inappropriate or flat affect.
Paranoid type schizophrenia
All the following – disorganised speech, disorganised behaviour, and inappropriate or flat affect – are prominent in behaviour, but catatonic-type criteria are not meet. Delusions or hallucinations maybe present, but only in fragmentary or non-coherent form.
Disorganised type schizophrenia
At least two of the following: extreme motor immobility; purposeless excessive motor activity; extreme negativism (motionless resistance to all instructions) mutism (refusing to speak); peculiar or bizarre voluntary movement; echolalia (meaningless repetition of other people’s words).
Catatonic type schizophrenia
Does not fit any of the subtypes above, but meets the symptom criteria for schizophrenia.
Undifferentiated type schizophrenia
Has experienced at last one episode of schizophrenia, but currently does not have the prominent positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganise speech or behaviour). However, continues to show negative symptoms and milder variation of positive symptoms (odd beliefs, eccentric behaviour).
Residual type schizophrenia
Symptoms – false beliefs firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.
Delusions
Symptoms – perceptual experiences that distort or occur without external stimulation.
Hallucinations
Symptoms – the tendency of conscious thought to move on associative lines rather than to be controlled, logical and purposeful.
Loosening of associations
Schizophrenic symptoms can be categorised into ____ __ ____ symptoms.
positive and negative
____ symptoms – relatively chronic and include flat affect, lack of motivation, peculiar or withdrawn interpersonal behaviour and intellectual impairments. That called negative because they signal something missing, such as normal emotions.
Negative
____ symptoms – include disorganised (e.g. disordered thought and bizarre behaviour) and psychotic (e.g. delusions and hallucinations) symptoms. They are called positive symptoms because they reflect the presence of something not usually or previously there, such as delusions.
Positive
Theories - ____ of schizophrenia is at least 50%.
Heritability
Theories - Most theorists adopt a ____-____ model of schizophrenia.
diathesis-stress
Theories - ____ may also play a role, at least in some individuals with schizophrenia.
Glutamate
Theories - According to the ____ hypothesis, positive symptoms of schizophrenia reflect too much dopamine activity in the subcortical circuits involving the basal ganglia and limbic system, where is negative symptoms reflect too little ____ actively in the prefrontal cortex.
dopamine
Theories - ____ variables, notably expressed emotion (criticism, hostile interchanges and emotional overinvolvement by family members), play an important role in the onset and course of the disorder.
Environmental
Theories - Other data implicate abnormalities in the ____ __ ____ of the brain, such as enlarged ventricles and corresponding atrophy (degeneration) in the frontal and temporal lobes.
structure and function
____ ____ are characterised by disturbances and emotion and mood, including both depressed and manic states (characterised by symptoms such as abnormally elevated mood, grandiosity and racing thoughts).
Mood disorders
Theories - ____ __ ____ events that affect the developing nervous system my also be involved in some cases of schizophrenia.
Prenatal and perinatal
A less severe type of depression is ____ ____. It (or dysthymia) refers to a chronic low-level depression lasting more than 2 years, with intervals of normal moods that never last more than a few weeks or months.
Dysthymic disorder
____ ____ ____ is characterised by depressed mood and loss of interest and pleasurable activities.
Major depressive disorder
A ____ episode, or mania, is characterised by a period of abnormally elevated or expansive mood.
manic
In ____ ____, individuals have manic episodes and may also experience intense depression.
Bipolar disorder
In ____ ____ disorder, mood and behaviour changes with regular seasonal climatic variation.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
____ ____, is a disorder in which the person experiences major depression but not mania.
Unipolar depression
Theories of depression - ____ __ ____ have been implicated in both major depression and bipolar disorder.
Serotonin and Norepinephrine
Theories of depression - Both childhood and adult ____ also play a significant role in the aetiology and course of mood disorders.
experiences
Theories of depression - ____ ____ increase the vulnerability to depressive disorders, particularly major depression, and play a central role in the aetiology of bipolar disorder.
Genetic factors
Theories of depression - Depressed people transform neutral or positive information into depressing cognitions through ____ ____.
COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
Theories of depression - According to psychodynamic theory, depressive symptoms, like other psychological symptoms, can be understood only in the context of the individuals ____ ____.
personality structure
Theories of depression - Depression has it equivalents in all cultures, but the way people ____ __ ____ it varies considerably.
view and experience
Theories of depression - According to cognitive theories, dysfunctional ____ ____ play a crucial role in depression.
thought patterns
____ ____ ____ is characterised by persistent anxiety and excessive worry about life circumstances.
GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER
In ____ ____, people experience frequent, intense and irrational anxiety.
Anxiety disorders
Characterised by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror not justified by the situation.
Panic disorder
A common type of ____ (irrational fear) is social ____, which occurs when the person is in a specific social or performance situation.
phobia
Marked by recurrent obsessions (persistent thoughts and ideas) and compulsions (stereotype acts performed in response to an obsession).
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Involves a fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult.
Agoraphobia
Two ____ ____ are anorexia nervosa, in which the individual drops below 85% of ideal body weight because of refusal to eat, and bulimia, in which the person binges and then purges. Research on aetiology points to vulnerabilities caused by genetics, cultural norms for thinness and personality.
eating disorders
____ ____ occur when people complain of pain, suffering or illness but no physical problems can be identified to explain their ailments.
Somatoform disorders
Marked by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of a psychologically distressing event outside the range of usual human experience.
Post traumatic stress disorder
Characterised by a loss or significant change in a physical function without any physical problem to explain the condition.
Conversion disorder
Occurs when people believe that they are suffering from an illness or ailment, even when there is no medical evidence to support that belief.
Hypochondriasis
Characterised by disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity or perception.
Dissociative disorder
Dissociative disorders generally reflect a history of ____ ____.
severe trauma
Two of the most common forms of somatoform disorder are ____ ____ and ____.
conversion disorder and hypochondriasis
____ ____ are characterised by enduring maladaptive patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour that lead to chronic disturbances and interpersonal and occupational functioning.
Personality disorders
Marked by extremely unstable interpersonal relationships, dramatic mood swings, an unstable sense of identity, intense feelings of separation and abandonment, manipulativeness, impulsive behaviour and self-mutilating behaviour.
Borderline personality disorder
Marked by irresponsible and socially disruptive behaviour.
Antisocial personality disorder
In dissociative identity disorder, at least two distinct ____ exist within the person.
personalities
Distrust and suspiciousness
Paranoid Personality disorder
Plays a role in some personality disorders, as does childhood experiences such as abuse and neglect.
Genetics
Acute discomfort in close relationships; cognitive or perceptual distortions; eccentricity
Schizotypal Personality disorder
Disregard for and violation of the rights of others
Antisocial Personality disorder
Detachment from social relationships; restricted range of emotional expression
Schizo Personality disorder
Excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Histrionic Personality disorder
Grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy
Narcissistic Personality disorder
Impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self-concept and emotion
Borderline Personality disorder
Submissive and clinging behaviour and excessive need to be taken care of
Dependent Personality disorder
Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control
Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder
Social inhibition and avoidance; feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Avoidant Personality disorder
