30. The Self

Question 1

The person, including mental processes, body and personality characteristics.

Answer 1

THE SELF

Question 1

The person’s concept of himself, a schema about yourself that guides the way we think about and remember information relevant to ourselves.

Answer 1

SELF-CONCEPT

Question 2

Refers to a person’s evaluation of himself, how much he likes and respects himself.

Answer 2

SELF-ESTEEM

Question 3

Who proposed a fundamental distinction between self as subject and self as object.

Answer 3

William James (1890)

Question 4

The self as ____ includes the persons experience of self as thinker, feeler and actor.

Answer 4

subject

Question 5

The self as ____ is the persons of view of the self.

Answer 5

object

Question 6

This is the ____ on which people reflect when they take the self as an object of thought.

Answer 6

self-concept

Question 7

Contemporary psychodynamic thinking focuses on ____-____ – mental models or representations of the self.

Answer 7

self-representations

Question 8

Psychodynamic theorists assert that people’s ____ of themselves and others play a key role in personality and psychopathology.

Answer 8

representations

Question 9

Thus, the self-concept is an ____ towards the self, which includes beliefs, feelings and tendencies to behave towards oneself in particular ways.

Answer 9

attitude

Question 10

Two characteristics distinguish psychodynamic views of the self.
(1) Firstly, they emphasise that people ____ the self with many different positive and negative emotions, which are activated under different circumstances.

Answer 10

associate

Question 11

(2) Second, self representations can be ____ and ____, explicit and implicit. These representations can be at odds or completely contradictory.

Answer 11

conscious or unconscious

Question 12

Cognitive theorists focus on the way the self-concept ____ thought and memory.

Answer 12

shapes

Question 13

One cognitive theorist has proposed that the self-concept is like a theory of ____.

Answer 13

oneself

Question 14

Other cognitive theorists proposed that the self-concept is a ____ ____ – a schema about the self that guides the way we think about and remember information relevant to ourselves.

Answer 14

self schema

Question 15

Individuals have multiple ____ that guide the way they think about themselves, such as the motive to see themselves accurately.

Answer 15

motives

Question 16

Another primary motive regarding the self, which often competes with accuracy motivation, is the motivation to maintain high self-esteem, sometimes referred to as the ____ ___ ____ ____.

Answer 16

motive for self-enhancement

Question 17

People generally maintain ____ self-esteem by giving greater emotional weight to areas in which they are more successful.

Answer 17

positive

Question 18

When people compare themselves to other people on that particular dimension, a process called social comparison, they often use as the comparison group individuals who are ____ ___ than they are.

Answer 18

worse off

Question 19

People may engage in ____ ____, a process by which they set themselves up to fail when success is uncertain in order to preserve their self-esteem.

Answer 19

SELF-HANDICAPPING

Question 20

One final means by which people may maintain or even enhance their self-esteem is ‘____ __ ____ ____’ or BIRGing.

Answer 20

basking in reflected glory

Question 21

People who BIRG publicly announce their affiliation with another person or group that is successful, even though they had ____ to do with the success of that person or group.

Answer 21

nothing

Question 22

A less obvious motive guiding the self is ____-____, the motive to interpret information to fit the way one already sees oneself and to prefer people who verify rather than challenge that view.

Answer 22

Self consistency

Question 23

____ people actually prefer to interact with others – including marital partners – who have a negative view of them.

Answer 23

Depressed

Question 24

Individuals who perceive themselves negatively appear to avoid people who give them feedback to the ____ for several reasons.

Answer 24

contrary

Question 25

They consider the feedback untrue, they feel that the relationship will be smoother and more predictable if the other person understands them and they believe people who view them positively are less ____.

Answer 25

perceptive

Question 26

The process by which people attempt to control the impressions that others have of them is called ____-____ or impression management.

Answer 26

Self presentation

Question 27

Although it was once thought that people generally try to make ____ impressions on others, researchers now know that the goal is to create desired impressions, either favourable or unfavourable.

Answer 27

favourable

Question 28

Instances in which desires to influence the impressions other people form of us fail are termed ____-____ ____, and the emotion most frequently experienced in such situations is embarrassment.

Answer 28

SELF-PRESENTATIONAL PREDICAMENTS

Question 29

Individual differences in the degree to which people manage their impressions are referred to as ____-____.

Answer 29

SELF-MONITORING.

Question 30

High self-monitors resemble social chameleons. Who they are and how are they present themselves varies with the ____ in which they find themselves.

Answer 30

situation

Question 31

Low self-monitors, on the other hand, are much less concerned with the ____ that others form of them.

Answer 31

impressions

Question 32

One theory distinguishes three kinds of self concepts: actual, ideal and ought.

Answer 32

Self-Concept

Question 34

Refers to people’s views of how they actually are.

Answer 34

ACTUAL SELF

Question 35

Refers to the hopes, aspirations and wishes that define the way the person would like to be.

Answer 35

IDEAL SELF

Question 36

Includes the duties, obligations and responsibilities that define the way the person should be.

Answer 36

OUGHT SELF