26. Evaluating Psychological Treatments Flashcards
Culture and treatment
It is useful to examine how our approaches to treatment are bound to our ____ norms, values and beliefs.
cultural
The concept of what is abnormal and what is functional behaviour in any society is determined to an extent by the ____ ____.
cultural context
The ability of therapists to assess behaviour is dependent on their knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the cultural context within which the ____ ____.
behaviour occurred
Therapists themselves have their own cultural beliefs and attitudes, which they must acknowledge in the way they ____ behaviour.
interpret
Treatment options are also affected by culture. The ____ style of treatment favoured by western therapists maybe effective in some cultures but not others.
one-to-one
In some ____ countries, however, dwelling on one’s thoughts, especially if they are painful, unpleasant or upsetting, is strongly avoided and believed to exacerbate the existing problem.
Asian
People from ____ cultures, such as indigenous Australians, might find this focus on the self unusual and uncomfortable.
collectivist
The benefits of pharmacotherapy for many disorders are well-established.
Pharmacotherapy
____-____ medication is essential in the treatment of schizophrenia, although full recovery is unusual.
Anti-psychotic
____ and other mood stabilising drugs are similarly indispensable for bipolar disorder, although some bipolar patients remain chronically unstable and most are vulnerable to relapse. In addition, as we have seen, medication can be useful in treating many anxiety and mood disorders, particularly major depression, panic and obsessive compulsive disorder.
Lithium
A major problem associated with biological treatment is the high ____ rate when pharmacotherapy is terminated.
relapse
One way to minimise this drawback is to continue the medication for a ____ length of time after the treatment has succeeded.
considerable
Most people who experience a major depressive episode will experience another within ____ years, but continued preventive use of antidepressants can temper the tendency to relapse.
five
Another way to minimise relapse is to combine medication with ____, which can be effective in the treatment of many disorders, such as major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
psychotherapy
People who enter into ____ also fare considerably better than those who try to heal themselves.
Psychotherapy
Researchers have demonstrated this using a statistical technique called ____, which aggregates, or combines, the findings of diverse studies, to yield a quantified estimate of the average effect of psychotherapy on the average patient.
meta-analysis
Comparing psychotherapies
Different therapies yield ____ effects.
comparable
One explanation is that, alongside specific mechanisms (such as altering defences, exposing patients to threatening stimuli or inhibiting negative automatic thoughts), most approaches share ____ ____ - shared elements that produce positive outcomes.
(Such factors include empathy, a warm relationship between therapist and client, and a clients sense of hope or efficacy in coping with the problem.)
COMMON FACTORS
Asses treatment outcomes under highly controlled conditions: random assignment of patients to different treatment or control groups, careful training of therapists to adhere to a manual that describes the ways they should address patients problems, standardised medical treatment and so forth.
EFFICACY STUDIES
Assess treatment outcome under less controlled circumstances, as practised by clinicians in the field.
EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES
Efficacy studies emphasise ____ ____ – the validity of the experimental design – and allow researchers to draw strong causal inferences about the effects of receiving one kind of treatment or another.
internal validity
Effectiveness studies emphasise ____ ____ – that is, applicability of the therapy to patients in every day clinical practice.
external validity
The use of theories or techniques from multiple therapeutic perspectives.
Psychotherapy integration
Clinicians combined techniques from different approaches, often to fit the particular case.
ECLECTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
Involves developing an approach to treating patients based on theories that cut across theoretical lines.
INTEGRATED PSYCHOTHERAPY
