23. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies

Question 1

Use methods derived from behaviourist and cognitive approaches to learning.

Answer 1

Cognitive behavioural therapists

Question 1

Early approaches viewed symptoms as ___ ____ ____ ____ that could be changed by applying behaviourist principles of learning.

Answer 1

maladaptive learned behaviour patterns

Question 2

Although many therapists continue to practice behaviour therapy (treatment based primarily on behaviourist learning principles), most who make use of learning principles today are cognitive-behavioural in the orientation, using methods derived from ____ and ____ approaches to learning.

Answer 2

behaviourist and cognitive

Question 3

Cognitive behavioural therapies are typically ____.

Answer 3

short-term

Question 4

The focus is on the individual’s ____ behaviour and cognitions, not on childhood experiences or inferred motives.

Answer 4

present

Question 5

They suggest specific ways patients should change their ____ and ____, assign homework and structure sessions with questions and strategies.

Answer 5

thinking and behaviour

Question 6

Cognitive behavioural therapists begin with a careful ____ ____, examining the stimuli or thoughts that proceed it or are associated with a symptom.

Answer 6

BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS

Question 7

They then tailor ____ to address problematic behaviours, cognitions and emotional responses.

Answer 7

procedures

Question 8

One of the most widely used cognitive behavioural techniques is ____ ____, in which the patient gradually confronts a phobic stimulus mentally while in a state that inhibits anxiety.

Answer 8

Systematic desensitisation

Question 9

To ____ irrational fear responses, the patient must confront the feared stimulus. This is the aim of systematic desensitisation, which takes place in four steps.

Answer 9

extinguish

Question 10

(1) The therapist teaches the patient ____ ____, such as tensing and then relaxing muscle groups throughout the body or breathing from the diaphragm.

Answer 10

relaxation techniques

Question 11

(2) The therapist questions the patient about his fears and uses this information to construct a ____ of ____ ____ ____ from scenes that provoke mild anxiety to those that induce intense fear.

Answer 11

hierarchy of feared imagined stimuli

Question 12

(3) The patient relaxes, using the techniques he has learned, and is then instructed to ____ vividly the first (i.e. least threatening) scene in the hierarchy.

Answer 12

imagine

Question 13

(4) The therapist encourages the patient to ____ his fears in real life and monitors his progress as he does so, desensitising additional scenes as needed to eliminate anxiety and avoidance.

Answer 13

confront

Question 14

Has been used to treat a long list of anxiety related disorders, including phobias, impotence, nightmares, obsessive compulsive disorders, social anxiety and even fears of death.

Answer 14

Desensitisation

Question 15

____ techniques presented patients with the actual phobic stimulus in real life, rather than having them merely imagine it.

Answer 15

Exposure

Question 16

Exposure techniques for simple phobias are some of the ____ ____ treatments devised for any disorder.

Answer 16

most successful

Question 17

The patient confronts the phobic stimulus all at once.

Answer 17

FLOODING

Question 18

The theory behind flooding is that ____ ____ to the conditions stimulus eventually desensitises the patient through extinction or related mechanisms.

Answer 18

inescapable exposure

Question 19

Flooding prevents the person from escaping the onset of the ____ ____.

Answer 19

conditioned stimulus

Question 20

From a more ____ ____, when faced with inescapable exposure, patients eventually recognise that the situation is not really catastrophic and tahr they have the self efficacy to confront it.

Answer 20

cognitive perspective

Question 21

A procedure in which the patient is gradually exposed to the phobic stimulus.

Answer 21

GRADED EXPOSURE

Question 22

Technological advances have altered the ways in which some therapists use graded exposure. Now, therapists can use ____ ____ _____ ____ to treat phobias. Patients are exposed to virtual images of the feared stimulus, as opposed to the actual stimulus.

Answer 22

VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY

Question 23

A key component of all exposure techniques is ____ ____ – preventing the patient from producing responses that allow avoidance of the feared stimulus. Avoidance can be quite subtle.

Answer 23

RESPONSE PREVENTION

Question 24

In ____ ____, behaviour is controlled by its consequences. Therapies based on operant conditioning therefore use reinforcement and punishment to modify unwanted behaviour.

Answer 24

Operant conditioning

Question 25

Operant procedures are used in virtually all the ____ ____ and are used unsystematically by all therapists, whether or not they are aware of it, as they reward is certain kinds of behaviour and discourage others.

Answer 25

psychiatric hospitals

Question 26

Operant techniques can be particularly effective in working with ____ and their ____ because parents often intuitively apply rewards and punishments in ineffective or counter-productive ways.

Answer 26

children and their parents

Question 27

Skilfully managing contingencies of ____ can bring unwanted behaviours under control.

Answer 27

reinforcement

Question 28

The recognition that people learn not only through their own experiences but also by observing the behaviour of others led psychologist to develop ____ procedures in psychotherapy.

Answer 28

modelling

Question 29

The therapist models the desired behaviour and gradually induces the patient to participate in it.

Answer 29

PARTICIPATORY MODELLING

Question 30

Another cognitive behavioural technique, involves teaching the behaviours necessary to accomplish relevant goals.

Answer 30

Skills training

Question 31

Skills are a form of ____ ____ and are typically carried out automatically.

Answer 31

procedural knowledge

Question 32

Acquiring new skills, however, usually requires that the individual focus conscious awareness on and practicing a set of procedures until they gradually become ____.

Answer 32

routine

Question 33

Involves teaching new skills to people with specific interpersonal deficits, such as social awkwardness or lack of assertiveness.

Answer 33

SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING

Question 34

Following assessment, treatment usually begins with direct teaching of skills or ____ ____ on film, on videotape or in person.

Answer 34

modelling behaviour

Question 35

The next stage is ____ of the new skills – practising gestures, imagining responses, role-playing various scenarios and so forth – which is followed by feedback and renewed practice.

Answer 35

rehearsal

Question 36

Whereas most cognitive behavioural techniques try to altar behaviour, ____ ____ focuses on changing dysfunctional cognitions that underlie psychological disorders.

Answer 36

Cognitive therapy

Question 37

The things individuals spontaneously say to themselves and the assumptions they make.

Answer 37

AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS

Question 38

By questioning the patient’s ____ and ____ and asking her to identify the data underlying them, the therapist engages the patient in hypothesis testing.

Answer 38

assumptions and beliefs

Question 39

Proposed that what people think and say to themselves about the situation affects the way to respond to it.

Answer 39

Albert Ellis

Question 41

Ellis proposed the ___ ____ of ____, where A refers to activating conditions, B to belief systems and C to emotional consequences.

Answer 41

ABC THEORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Question 42

Ellis’ ____ ____ ____ attempts to address the belief systems that mediate between activating conditions and maladaptive emotional reactions.

Answer 42

RATIONAL-EMOTIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY

Question 43

Beck’s ____ ____ targets cognitive distortions.

Answer 43

COGNITIVE THERAPY