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A Level Psychology > 3.1.5 Agonist & Antagonist Evaluation (Add) > Flashcards

3.1.5 Agonist & Antagonist Evaluation (Add) Flashcards

1
Q

(agonist) NICE assessed 31 reviews into the effectiveness of methadone including what?

A

27 randomised controlled trials

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2
Q

(agonist - methadone) what is a randomised controlled trial?

A

one group is allocated to placebo and one experimental, who ends up where is random

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3
Q

(agonist - methadone) NICE found higher levels of what of those using methadone compared to placebo?

A

higher levels of retention

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4
Q

(agonist - methadone) NICE found lower levels of what of those using methadone compared to placebo?

A

lower levels of opiod use

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5
Q

(agonist - methadone) NICE research suggests what about the effectiveness of methadone?

A

more effective than placebo in stopping opiod usage

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6
Q

(agonist) a 2006 meta analysis of studies into effectiveness found methadone is effective as long as dosage is what?

A

adequate

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7
Q

(agonist - methadone) what is a meta analysis?

A

gathering of all existing data e.g. on a treatment and analysing it

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8
Q

(agonist) what is buprenorphine?

A

milder alternative to methadone

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9
Q

(agonist) what properties does buprenorphine have?

A

agonist and antagonist

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10
Q

(agonist) explain what is means that buprenorphine had both agonist and antagonist properties?

A

it can bind to a receptor and imitate the action of a substance but it can also block the action of a substance

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11
Q

(agonist - methadone) a study analysing data from over 5 years concluded buprenorphine is how many times safer than methadone?

A

6x

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12
Q

(agonist - methadone) why is buprenorphine safer than methadone?

A

ceiling effect - less risk of overdose

once a certain amount has been taken increasing dosage has no further effect

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13
Q

(agonist - methadone) even though buprenorphine is safer why is methadone the preferred treatment?

A

allows for dosage to be increased to a point where no withdrawal symptoms are seen
even at the ceiling effect of buprenorphine withdrawal symptoms may be seen

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14
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) NICE reviewed how many studies concerning the effectiveness of naltrexone for heroin addiction?

A

17

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15
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) what did NICE find in their review of studies into effectiveness of naltrexone?

A

no difference between naltrexone and control treatments for retention on treatment programmes

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16
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) what does NICE research suggest about naltrexone?

A

no more effective in treating addiction than other treatments

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17
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) in NICEs research naltrexone was associated with a reduction in what?

A

relapse rates

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18
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) NICE found naltrexone was associated with a reduction in relapse rates particularly in patients who were what?

A

highly motivated
closely monitored
offered extra support

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19
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) NICEs findings on naltrexone and reduced relapse rates suggest what?

A

naltrexone is effective in preventing relapse particularly when other support is made available

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20
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) Lahti et al tested effectiveness of naltrexone on a sample of who?

21
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) Lahti et al - gamblers were instructed to take naltrexone when?

A

before gambling or when feeling an urge to gamble

22
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) what did Lahti find a significant decrease in?

A

gambling levels when taking naltrexone

23
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) what does Lahti’s research suggest about naltrexone?

A

it may be effective in the treatment of gambling addictions

24
Q

(antagonist - naltrexone) what is an issue of Lahti et al’s research?

A

small sample of gamblers

they themselves said more research was needed

25
Q

what is an issue of studies not following up over a long period of time?

A

doesn’t show if drugs decrease in their effectiveness overtime
doesn’t show if relapse occurs

26
Q

addicts often experience other social and psychological issues in addition to addiction what is an issue of this?

A

can influence results of effectiveness of the drugs

27
Q

(ethics) methadone is a sedative drug, what does its side effects include?

A

suppressed nervous system - and breathing
slowed body functioning
reduced physical and psychological pain
risk of fatal overdose

28
Q

(ethics) in 2014 how many deaths in the UK was methadone responsible for?

29
Q

(ethics) many of those receiving methadone remain on it for a long time and without the proper support what do they struggle to do?

A

make it to the detoxification/maintenance stage

30
Q

(ethics) critics of methadone say all it does is what?

A

create another addiction

31
Q

(ethics) what are some common side effects of naltrexone?

A

headaches
nausea
dizziness
trouble sleeping

32
Q

(ethics) mild opiate withdrawal symptoms can occur with naltrexone such as what?

A

abdominal cramps
joint pain
muscle aches
runny nose

33
Q

(ethics) what can sudden side effects of naltrexone include?

A 
vomiting
diarrhea 
hallucinations
anxiety
confusion
34
Q

(ethics) large doses of naltrexone can increase the risk of what?

A

liver disease

35
Q

(ethics) with side effects, administering these drugs may cause more what?

A

harm than good

36
Q

(social)breaking the habit report - how much is spent on treating drug users with substitutes like methadone and keeping them on benefits?

A

£3.6 billion

37
Q

(social)breaking the habit report - how much do England’s 320,000 problem drug users cost in benefits?

A

£1.7 billion

38
Q

(social)breaking the habit report - how much do England’s 320,000 problem drug users cost in childcare?

A

£1.2 billion

39
Q

(social) breaking the habit report - how much do England’s 320,000 problem drug users cost in treatment?

A

£370 million

40
Q

(social) breaking the habit report - what would be more effective in getting addicts off drugs completely?

A

rehabilitation

41
Q

(social) breaking the habit report - prescribing methadone delays recovery where rehabilitation would do what?

A

free individuals from dependency on drugs

42
Q

(social) drugscope said the report overestimated what?

A

the cost of prescribing methadone

43
Q

(social) drugscope highlighted the national audit office described drug treatment as good value for money as methadone makes addicts more able to what?

A

function in society and manage their addiction

44
Q

(social) national treatment agency report - treating heroin users with methadone immediately reduces what?

A

their criminality - positive influence on society

45
Q

(social) national treatment agency report - rates of offending are reduced by how much when addicts are in treatment?

46
Q

(social) breaking the habit report - despite the availability of methadone what has continued to rise?

A

drug related reoffending

47
Q

(social) setting up methadone programmes centred in one area may lead to what?

A

addicts gathering in a certain area, possibly increasing crime and antisocial behaviour

48
Q

(social) what did Boyd et al’s research in Baltimore show?

A

despite having treatment centres it had similar crime rates to the surrounding areas

A Level Psychology (131 decks)

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