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Psychology > 30-second Psychology > Flashcards

30-second Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Watson’s Behaviorism

A

We should talk about behavior not mental states

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2
Q

Wilhelm Wundt’s Introspection

A

Looking into our own minds and reporting what we discover

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3
Q

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis

A

Means of understanding behavior

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4
Q

The 3 components of personality

A

The Id, the Ego, the Superego

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5
Q

The Id

A

Governed by pleasure and seeks immediate gratification

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6
Q

The Ego

A

Concerned with making rational decisions

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7
Q

The Superego

A

Giving rise to personality conflicts

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8
Q

Cognitivism

A

The attempt to understand the mind in terms of the information it processes and the forms in which is stores this information

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9
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

To find common principles in the behavior of human and animals

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10
Q

Positive psychology

A

Focus more on people’s strengths and virtues

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11
Q

Schemos

A

Basics building blocks on intelligent behavior

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12
Q

Sensori-motor stage

A

(0-2 y/o) the child thinks by perceiving objects and acting upon them

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13
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

(2-7 y/o) development and use of mental images, symbols, and language; self-centered

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14
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

(7-11 y/o) less self-centers and can think logically but needs to manipulate objects

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15
Q

Formal operational

A

(11-15 y/o) ability to manipulate ideas and think hypothetically about situations not yet experienced

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16
Q

Eldest child

A

Socially dominant and intellectual, tends to seek approval from others because they are no longer the center of attention

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17
Q

Middle child

A

Competitive and diplomatic

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18
Q

Youngest child

A

Selfish and demanding

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19
Q

Kohlberg’s moral stages (KMS) stage 1

A

Sense of what is right or wrong is determined by what is punishable and what is not

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20
Q

KMS stage 2

A

What others want and what brings reward

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21
Q

KMS stage 3

A

Good behavior is whatever pleases and helps others

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22
Q

KMS stage 4

A

Showing respect for authority

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23
Q

KMS stage 5

A

Kids understand that rules should be followed but can be changed by the rights of the individual

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24
Q

KMS stage 6

A

Actions are determined by self-chosen ethical principles-justice, equality, and respect for human dignity- established through reflection

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25
Q

Facial action coding system (FACS)

A

Index of facial expressions

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26
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Whenever a pair of incompatible beliefs or decisions collide in our mind it provokes a kind of mental discomfort

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27
Q

Somatic marker hypothesis

A

People have trouble making decisions when parts of their brain are damaged

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28
Q

The prefrontal cortex

A

Stores knowledge about emotions. People who damage it lose some of their emotions

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29
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our existing beliefs

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30
Q

Ego-depleted

A

When we’re willpower fatigued

31
Q

Restraint bias

A

The tendency for people to be unduly optimistic about their ability to control their behavior when aroused

32
Q

Expected utility

A

A way of working out people’s betting preferences taking into account all factors including the risk aversions and personal preference

33
Q

The bystander effect

A

The presence of other people reduces out own sense of responsibility in a situation

34
Q

Watson’s behaviorism

A

Using experiments with controlled stimuli and the responses of those inputs

35
Q

Vygotsky’s zone

A

Children learn better with instructors; helps children strive toward independence and self-sufficiency

36
Q

Birth order

A

Rank and age affect a child’s personality

37
Q

Harlow’s monkeys

A

A child feels more secure with a comforting parent rather than one who only provides them with food

38
Q

Ekman’s universal emotions

A

Human expressions are universal

39
Q

Festinger’s boring task

A

Sometimes people say one thing but mean another

40
Q

The James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Our actions emit our emotion: a stimulus causes an action

41
Q

Baumeister’s ego depletion

A

Straining to control yourself in one situation can easily make you swayed later on

42
Q

Irving Janis’s groupthink

A

Extreme form of group polarization; like-minded group, group leader, isolation; leads to extreme actions

43
Q

Gordon Allport’s intergroup contact

A

By coming into contact with others we discover that they’re human too

44
Q

Zombardo’s prison

A

When people are given a position of power they tend to abuse it

45
Q

Stanley Milgram’s obedience study

A

We are more likely to do harmful things of directed by a person of authority

46
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The anxiety of a stereotype causes the undermining of one’s performance

47
Q

Social identity theory

A

People will show allegiance to groups who share things in common with them

48
Q

The lake wobegon effect

A

Majority of people think they are better than others

49
Q

The big five (personality)

A

Extraversion, neuroticism (anxiety and apprehension), conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness (creativity and insight)

50
Q

Attribution

A

The psychological process of discerning the cause of things

51
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency to attribute the causes of other people’s behavior to the intrinsic natures, ignoring constraining circumstances

52
Q

Cognitive bias

A

The tendency for people to make false judgements

53
Q

Nature via nurture

A

Humans are shaped both by their genetic inheritance and their life’s experiences often in an interactive fashion

54
Q

The Flynn effect

A

Humans are clever; IQ tests today are higher than ones back then

55
Q

Ericsson’s 10,000-hour rule

A

Anyone can be an expert if they put in enough effort to practice

56
Q

Nominative determinism

A

The idea that the destiny of these individuals is shaped by their names

57
Q

Roger sperry’s split brains

A

The left side controls things like language while the right side has to do more with visual abilities

58
Q

Prepared learning system

A

We have developed a fear system that is prepared for certain situations due to the effect of evolution

59
Q

Charcot’s hysteria

A

Blindness and paralysis can be caused by the unconscious mind blocking access to essential brain functions

60
Q

Rosenhan’s insane places

A

There is no definition for sane and insane

61
Q

Psychosis

A

A mind-bending state in which people develop delusions and hallucinations as part of mental illnesses; people show changes in the brain’s use of the chemical messenger dopamine

62
Q

Abraham Maslow self-actualized

A

Where we are at peace with ourselves and others and have the psychological freedom to become everything that one is capable of becoming

63
Q

Aaron beck’s cognitive therapy

A

Based in scientific studies; detects patters and use alternatives when dealing with self defeating habits

64
Q

Autism

A

People with autism can be severely impaired at understanding how there’s think, feel, and behave but can be better at understanding systems

65
Q

The placebo effect

A

Knowing the expectations of a treatment will affect how your body and brain processes it

66
Q

Classical or Pavlovian conditioning

A

Learning an association between two stimuli

67
Q

The Sapir-whorf hypothesis

A

we can’t understand some concepts because we lack the words

68
Q

Noam chomsky’s universal grammar

A

Understood by all humans and enables us to acquire language

69
Q

3 components of grammar

A

Syntactical (structure), phonological (sound of words), and semantic (meaning)

70
Q

Loftus’s false memories

A

Some memories can get distorted without our realization

71
Q

Embodied cognition

A

We describe things in metaphors (grasping the meaning of a book)

72
Q

Broadbentms bottleneck

A

We separate out individual voices by focusing on key characteristics- the speakers gender, location, and pitch

73
Q

Miller’s seven

A

We memorize things better by breaking it into chunks

74
Q

Consciousness

A

The way the brain prioritizes

Psychology (44 decks)

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