30. Electrolytes/Acid-Base Flashcards
cause of hypernatremia?
too little free water
how will urine be in classic hypernatremia?
concentrated (trying to keep water in to combat hypernatremia)
tx for hypernatremia?
IV fluids
pt presents with nausea and malaise,
wt is the electrolyte disturbance?
hyponatremia
wt causes hypovolemic hyponatremia?
tx?
diuretics
IV fluids
wt causes euvolemic hyponatremia?
tx?
SIADH
fluid restiction
3 causes of hypervolemic hyponatremia?
CHF
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
cause of SIADH?
small cell lung cancer –> ectopic ADH production
hw should patients with symptoms of hyponatremia be treated?
hypertonic saline
major extracellular cation?
Na
major intracellular cation?
K
wt causes K to shift across cellular membranes?
pH changes
5 causes of hyperkalemia?
excessive intake acidosis lack of aldosterone volume depletion renal failure
hw to diagnose hyperkalemia and hypokalemia?
EKG
2 drugs to decrease serum K?
insulin
albuterol
hw to tx hyperkalemia w EKG changes?
calcium gluconate
4 causes of hypokalemia?
diarrhea (K loss)
diuretics
magnesium deficiency
alkalemia
electrolyte disturbances that can cause arrhythmias?
hyper/hypokalemia
hw to tx hypokalemia
oral K
pt presents w lung mass, history of smoking, and hyponatremia,
diagnosis?
tx?
SIADH
fluid restriction
wt lab value should be measured when hypokalemia is present?
magnesium
pt goes into acidosis, wt system responds first?
respiratory
metabolic (renal) is delayed
wt is a normal anion gap?
4-12
4 causes of metabolic acidosis?
lactic acidosis (anaerobic glycolysis)
ketacidosis (diabetics, alcoholics, starvation)
loss of bicarbonare (diarrhea, renal failure)
toxins (ethylene glcol, methanol, salicylates)
3 causes of metabolic acidoses w elevated anion gap?
ketoacidosis
toxins
lactate
wt are the values of pH, pCO2, bicarb in respiratory acidosis?
pH- low
pCO2 - high
bicarb - compensation –> high
wt are the values of pH, pCO2, bicarb in respiratory alkalosis?
pH- high
pCO2 - low
bicarb - compensation –> low
wt are the values of pH, pCO2, bicarb in metabolic alkalosis?
pH- high
pCO2 - compensation –> low
bicarb - high
wt are the values of pH, pCO2, bicarb in metabolic acidosis?
pH- low
pCO2 - compensation –>high
bicarb - low
