2.6 Theories of Childhood Development Flashcards
ERIKSONS THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage 1 - Trust vs Mistrust (INFANT)
- Can we trust the world and is it safe? If we can trust someone now we can trust someone in the future. If we develop fear, we develop mistrust. Key to development is mother.
Stage 2 - Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (TODDLER)
- Is it okay to be me? If we are allowed to discover ourselves, we develop self-confidence, if we do not, we become filled with shame and doubt. Both parents play a major role
Stage 3 - Initiative vs Guilt (PRESCHOOLER)
- In preschool we take initiative to learn. Is it okay for me to do what I do? If we are encouraged, we follow our interest. If we are told what we do is silly, we develop guilt. The entire family plays a major role
Stage 4 - Industry vs Inferiority (SCHOOL-AGED)
- We discover our own interests and realize we are different from others. We want to show people we can do things right. If we receive recognition from teachers/peers we become industries (hard-working). If we get too much negative feedback we feel inferior and lose motivation. Neighbors in schools influence this the most
Stage 5 - Identity vs Role Confusion (ADOLESCENT)
- We have different social roles. Many experience identity crisis. If parents allow us to explore, we find identity. If they push us to conform to their views we may develop role confusion. Key players are peers and role models
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 Years Old)
- Develop through experience and movement, our 5 senses.
- First starts with simple reflexes, then becomes habits.
- At 4 months we become aware of things beyond our own body
- As we get older we learn to do things intentionally
- KEY MILESTONES (REALIZATION OF OBJECT PERMANENCE)
- Curiosity about everything and explore through moving, sitting, crawling, running.
- Egocentric
Stage 2 - Preoperational Phase (2-7 years old)
- Thinking is categorized through symbolic functions and intuitive thoughts
- A lot of fantasies and believe objects are alive
- We learn to speak and understand words, images, and gestures are symbols for something else
- When we draw our family, we don’t worry about drawing to scale but about symbolic meanings
- Love to play pretend and learn this way
- Age 4 we ask many questions and want to know everything (intuitive age)
- Still egocentric
Stage 3 - Concrete Operational Phase (Age 7-11)
- Finally discover logic and concrete operation operations (sort objects in a certain order)
- Inductive reasoning - We can draw conclusions and make generalizations
- We understand the concept of conservation (we know if we poor orange juice from a smaller glass to a larger glass, the amount stays the same)
- We understand that if 3+5 is 8 than 8-3 must equal 5
- We build concrete mental structures (we can reverse actions by doing the opposite)
- We apply new knowledge in conversation and activities
- As a result we get to know ourselves better and understand that our thoughts and feelings are unique and not necessarily the same as others
- We learn to put ourselves in other peoples shoes
Stage 4 - Formal Operation Phase (Age 12+)
- We have the ability to think more rationally about abstract concepts and hypothetical events
- Examples include success/failure love/hate
- Deeper understanding of our own identity and morality
- We understand why people behave the way they behave and become more compassionate
- Brain can do deductive reasoning (compare 2 statements and reach a logical generalization)
- New mental skills allow us to prioritize
