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Histo Final > 26 Endocrine > Flashcards

26 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

these isolated cells in an epithelium that secrete a hormone that diffuses only a short distance in the CT to NEARBY target cells

A

Paracrine cells

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2
Q

these cells are specialized neurons that secrete hormones into the blood supply

A

NEUROENDOCRINE cells

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3
Q

Where does the ANTERIOR lobe develop from

A

ECTODERM in the roof of the oral cavity

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4
Q

this pouch in the ANTERIOR lobe detaches and grows upward towards the developing brain

A

RATHKES POUCH

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5
Q

The anterior lobe secretes what hormones

A

FSH (Gonadotroph)
LH (Gonadotroph)
ACTH (Corticotroph)
TSH (Thyrotroph)
( basophilic)

Prolactin (Mammotroph)
GH (somatroph)
(acidophilic)

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6
Q

The posterior lobe secretes what hormones

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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7
Q

this pea sized organ is attached by a stalk to the underside of the hypothalamus and surrounded by bone

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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8
Q

What lobe of the pituatary gland releases CHROMOPHILS which are colorful grandular epithelial cells

A

ANTERIOR LOBE = ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
releases ACIDOPHILIC and BASOPHILIC

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9
Q

This lobe of the pituitary gland develops from the downgrowth of the neural tube ectoderm

A

POSTERIOR LOBE (NEUROHYOPHOSIS)

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10
Q

Neurons in the hypothalamus release hormones into what?

A

a VENOUS PORTAL SYSTEM (Capillaries –> veins –> capillaries

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11
Q

The POSTERIOR pituitary is composed of UNMYELINATED axons and their terminals with associated glial cells called?

A

PITUICYTES

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12
Q

Where are hormones synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS

A

CELL BODIES of neurons

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13
Q

this hormone promotes the REABSORPTION of water in the kidney

A

ADH (vasopressin)
reduced ADH due to leision in CNS –> diabetes insipidues (large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst)

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14
Q

The PINEAL gland is derived from what?

A

NEURAL TUBE

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15
Q

this component of the pineal gland has calcified concretions that look like BASOPHILIC ROCKS

A

BRAIN SAND

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16
Q

this component of the pineal gland are modified neurons with euchromatic nucleus and pale staining cytoplasm with many extensions
secretes MELATONIN into fenestrated capillaries

A

PINEALOCYTES

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17
Q

This gland consists of 4 small oval organs embedded in the thyroid gland
intially develops in the endoderm, lining the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches but then migrates into the developing thyroid gland

A

PARATHYROID glands

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18
Q

What cells are found in the parathyroid gland

A

CHIEF/PRINCIPAL cells and OXYPHILL cells

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19
Q

these cells found in the parathyroid gland secrete PTH into fenestrated capillaries

A

Chief cells
PTH increases calcium levels in the blood by increasing bone breakdown and calcium resorption from the kidney

20
Q

these acidophilic cells are found in the parathyroid gland and appear at puberty, unknown function

A

OXYPHIL cells

21
Q

This pathology of the parathyroid gland is due to low blood calcium and can result in tetany and death

A

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

22
Q

this pathology of the parathyroid gland is due to LOW blood calcium
associated with osteoporosis due to increased activity of osteoclasts

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

23
Q

What are the two secretory cells found in the Thyroid Gland

A

Follicle and Parafollicular (C-Cells)

24
Q

these cells found in the thyroid gland are simple epithelial cells arranged as hollow spheres filled with colloid = acidophilic gelatinous material

A

FOLLICLE CELLS

25
Q

these cells found in the thyroid gland are found as a smnall population of cells in the CT between follicles or hiding under the basal lamina of follicles
SECRETES CALCITONIN

A

Parafollicular Cells or C Cells

26
Q

these cells of the thyroid gland release thyroid homrones T3/T4 into fenestrated capillaries

A

FOLLICLES CELLS

27
Q

Where do follicular and parafollicular cells develop from?

A

Follicle – endoderm lining the pharynx
Parafollicule – neureal crest in the pharyngeal pounch 4

28
Q

Why is the thyroid gland unique

A

it produces an INACTIVE form of its homrone, thyroglobulin in the colloid – only organ to store its product extracellularly

29
Q

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis ( 4 steps)

A
  1. Follicle cells secrete thyroglobulin into the colloid
  2. Thyroglobulin is iodinated in the colloid
  3. Thyroglobulin is reabsorbed back into the cell, fused with lysosomes to form thyroid hormones
  4. Follicle cells release the thyroid hormones (t4/T3) into the CT where it enters the fenestrated capillaries
30
Q

this pathology of the thyroid gland – enlarged thyroid gland could be associated to hyper or hypothyroidism

A

GOITER

31
Q

excess thyroid release –> increased metabolism and eye disease

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM – toxic goiter/graves disease

32
Q

low thyroid hormone levels cause an overall reduction of metabolism
Causes:
- insufficent dietary iodine
- hashimoto’s disease = autoimmune disease with replacement of thyroid gland by lymphoid tissue

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

33
Q

this gland is found as triangular shaped structures embedded in the fat at the top of each kidney

A

ADRENAL (SUPRENAL) Gland

34
Q

The Adrenal Gland is divided into two parts

A

Cortex and Medulla

35
Q

this portion of the adrenal gland contains acidophilic cells that secrete STEROIDS (Aldoesterone, cortisol and androgrens)\

derivied from MESODERM

A

ADRENAL CORTEX

36
Q

This portion of the adrenal gland is the inner portion that contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

A

ADRENAL MEDULLA

37
Q

where are chromaffin cells derived from and what do they do and what are they innervated by

ANALOGOUS TO POSTganglionic sympathetic cells

A

NEURAL CREST ECTODERM, SECRETE CATECHOLAMINES (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
innervated by PREganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

38
Q

this ZONE of adrenal cortex is the outer zone that secretes mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosesterone) –> BP control

A

ZONE GLOMERULOSA

39
Q

this zone of the adrenal cortex is the middle zone that contains sinusoidal capillaries that drain into medulla
secretes GLUCORTICOIDS like cortisol

A

ZONE FASCICULATA

40
Q

this zone of the adrenal cortex is the deepest narrow layer that secretes adrenal ANDROGENS (GONADOCORTICOIDS) –> sex characterstics

A

ZONA RETICULARIS

41
Q

this disease has HYPERsercretion of CORTISOL due to an adenoma of the anterior pituitary that secretes ACTH

A

CUSHING’s Disease

42
Q

this disease is HYPOsecretion of glucocorticoids +/- mineralocorticoids usually due to autoimmune destruction of cortex

A

ADDISON’s disease

43
Q

The Adrenal MEDULLA is made up of CORDS of ______

A

chromaffin (endocrine) cells

44
Q

this is a neoplasm of the medulla
malignant infant or childhood tumors derived from primitive neural crest cells

A

NEUROBLASTOMAS

45
Q

this neoplasm of the medulla are benign adult tumors derived from chromaffin cells

A

PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS

Histo Final (13 decks)

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