17/18 Flashcards
these ducts are teeny, tiny lined with clear simple cuboidal or squamous cells which add HCO3- ions to secretion
INTERCALATED DUCT
this duct is lined by acidophilic simple columnar epithelial cells with basal striations, the nuclei are pushed towards the lumen, and these cells are active in ION TRANSPORT, reabsorption of sodium and addition of potassium to secretion
STRIATED Secretory Ducts
These ducts are found in ALL glands, lined by simple columbar to straified squamous epitheliem, and the main duct empties into oral cavity
EXCRETORY Duct
Which duct is exclusively found in salivary glands
STRIATED ducts
This gland is made up of Purely Serous glands with many intercalated and striated ducts
PAROTID Gland
This gland is made of MOSTLY SEROUS glands and some mucous, with many intercalated and striated ducts
SUBMANDIBULAR Gland
This gland is made of Little Serous Glands and MOSTLY MUCOUS with NO INTERCALATED and few striated ducts
SUBLINGUAL GLANDS
Pancreas is made up of two glands
EXCORINE and ENDOCRINE gland
The pancreas exocrine gland is mainly a _____ gland
SEROUS gland made up of serous cells and intercalated and excretory ducts
The pancreas endocrine gland is also known as made up of four types of cells
ISLET of LANGERHANS = islands of light staining cells
Beta, Alpha, Delta and PP cells
this is a common disease in alcoholics, proenzymes are activated within the pancreas leading to digestion of pancreatic tissue and hemorrhage
** AUTO DIGESTION – ALCOHOLICS
Pathology of Exocrine Pancreas
ACUTE NECROTIZING PANCREATITIS
4th leading cause of cancer death, aggressive cancer of pancreatic glandular tissue
PANCREATIC CARCINOMA
autoimmune destruction of beta cells –> complete loss of insulin
pathology of endocrine pancreas
TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS, juvenile onset
This organs 3 main functions:
Exocrine – secretion of BILE into ducts –> duodendum
Modification and Filtration of Blood
Hematopoiesis in the embryo
LIVER = BIG GLAND
Liver structure is made up of
LOBULES = hexagonal shape formed by 6 portal triads at each corner and a central vein in the middle
Portal Triads consist of
Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein and Bile Duct
These capillaries run throughout the liver lobules between heptocytes from portal triad to central vein
They are lined by endothelial and KUPFER cells
SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES
The venous portal system FLOW consists of
Capillaries –> vein (hepatic portal) –> sinusoidal capillaries
Blood Flow in liver=
Hepatic A and Portal Vein of Triad –> Sinusoids –> central vein __> Hepatic Vein –> vena cava back to heart
Bile flow in liver
secreted out from Hepatocytes into canaliculi channels bewteen cells –> bile ductules –> bile ducts –> hepatic duct
the functional cell of the liver, which is acidophilic and cuboidal epithelial cell with euchromatic nuclei and can divide if stimulated
HEPATOCYTES
These capillaries of the liver are discontinuous with FENESTRATIONS in the endothelial cells and these are also lined by KUPPER Cells unlike in other organs
SINUSOID CAPILLARIES
This space is between hepatocytes and sinusoids and stellate cells are hidden here.
PERISINUSOIDAL SPACE – space of disse
these cells are hidden in the sinusodial space and STORE VITAMIN A in lipid droplets, in times of inflammation they can differentiate into myofibroblasts to secrete collage into the perisinusoidal space resulting in liver scarring
STELLATE Cells
This type of liver lobule emphasizes blood flow to central vein
CLASSIC LOBULE
This type of liver lobule emphaszies blood supply, zone 1 has the best supply while 3 is the poorest perfusion of blood
ACINAR LOBULE – LIVER ACINUS
This liver lobule emphasizes bile secretion with the bile duct in the center
PORTAL lobule
Congestive Heart Failure is due to which side heart failure which leads to a backup of what through the liver
RIGHT SIDE HEART FAILURE which leads to a BACKUP of bloodflow in the liver
Chronic damage of liver charactereized by widespread CT scarring (fibrosis) is what disease? and is commonly caused by
CIRRHOSIS
caused by alcohol abuse and chronic hepatitis
Persistent chronic heart failure can result in – impeding venous outflow
Continuous distension and hemmorage occur in lobules, cells near central vein die and CENTRILOBULAR NECROSIS becomes present
Chronic Passive Venous Congestion (Nutmeg Liver)
This organ stores and concentrates bile, eventually releasing it into the duodendum
GALLBLADDER
The structure of the gallbladder is a sac of simple columnar epithelium and small bundles of smooth muscle – THEY DO NOT HAVE ___ , _____, or _____
Gallbladder does not have goblet cells, glands, or discrete muscle layers
3 calcified, avascular layers of teeth in order
Enamel, Dentin and Cementum then Aveolar Bone
Teeth are divided into two parts: and consist of which layers
Crown (Anatomical and Clinical) = Enamel and Dentin
Root – attached to bone by peridontal ligament = Dentin and Cementum
What produces enamel and does it die?
AMEOBLASTS and they degenerate after eruption of teeth
What secretes dentin
ODONTOBLASTS
What produces cementum
Cementoblasts which can be trapped in lacunae –> cementocytes – cellular cementum – near the root
What secretes and maintains periodontal ligament
Fibroblasts
What layer has the most hydroxyapatite
Enamel = 96%
Dentin = 70% + Collagen Type 1 fibers
Cementum = 50% + Type 1 collagen
What tooth layer is sensitive to pain, thermal sensations of heat/cold, and pressure
Dentin
What is missing if the tooth is DECALCIFIED
enamel is gone
What forms a socket to anchor the tooth and is made partially of woven bone and is resorbed if the tooth is lost
AVEOLAR BONE
This is made up of specialized oral mucosa lined by stratifed squamous epithelium and dense CT
It adheres to the tooth enamel and eventually as the gums recede it attaches by hemidesmosomes and a thick basal lamina
GINGIVA = GUMS
This anchors the tooth in its socket and functions as a shock absorber and is made up of DENSE CT
Type 1 collagen
extends from alveolar bone to cementum
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
Too much sugar allows bacteria to grow on teeth and produce acid that decalcifies enamel which triggers odontoblasts to secrete repartive dentin to protect pulp
Continuous destruction results in dentin breakdown leading to exposure of pulp to infection
CAVITIES
Most common cause of dental pain and loss of teeth in young people
Can be caused by spread of infection from gingitivitis or periodontitis
PULPITIS
Scurvy is caused by what vitamin deficency and results in loose teeth and bleeding gums
Vitamin C
Dentinogenesis Imperfect affects what
Odontoblasts causing weak dentin
Amelogenesis Imperfecta affects ___ and causes ____
Affects Ameloblasts and causes weak enamel
Since cementum is AVASCULAR it has a lower metabolic rate than bone which results it being more resistant to stress and allows it to not be readily absorbed
So if you place pressure on one side of the tooth (BRACES) this results in
Results in RESORPTION of bone not cementum on one side of the socket and deposition of bone on opposite side of the socket –> TOOTH MOVEMENT
