22 Observation Flashcards
common in sci and health care research, clinical practice; involves being close to directly perceive and record aspects of phenomena studies, allows researcher to evaluate free from bias of subject response
observation
when patient/subject is in best position to provide subjective evidence, use ____
self observation
when overt behaviour is expressed, use ____
outside observers
advantage of self observation?
greater access to subj experience and introspection, less obtrusive and expensive
disadvantage of self ob?
greater bias, and less likely to record accurately/carry out observation as agreed
advantage outside ob?
greater objectivity and less bias, more likely record accurately
disadvantage of outside ob?
cannot directly access subject perception, more obtrusive and expensive and time consuming
advantage of lab?
better control over extraneous, observation aids/recording equipment
disadvantage of lab?
distortion of phenomena in artificial enviro, problematic external validity
disadvantages to instrumentation?
distort event (intrusiveness alter behaviour, prep of tissue for electron microscopy)–require expertise
what is complete participant?
doesn’t disclose intent to other participants (use with caution ethically)
what is participant as observer?
participates fully but discloses identity and purpose
what is observer as participant?
doesn’t participate fully but interacts with participants to observe with permission
anthropological study where participate as active member of cultural group is example of :
participant as observer
nursing PhD student studying how psychiatric nurses act in crisis situation with disturbed patient by accompanying nurses and also interviewing nurses before and after is ex. of:
observer as participant
what is complete observer?
don’t interact or disclose identity or purpose
example of complete observer?
observe therapist-patient interactions from behind one-way mirror, salad bar behaviour from distance
level participation chosen depends on trade off between:
need for objective/independent analysis vs. proximity to phenomena
participation introduces:
changes
qualitative field research features the establishment of ____ to subjects
proximity (physically, socially, long term)
why proximity?
decrease reactivity to presence and enable understanding
what are categories of observations?
acts/activities, meanings, participation, relationships, settings
quantitative more relevant in ___ rsearch
non-human
observer role in quantitative?
more objective and detached
example of combining quantitative and qualitative?
How many kids eat red smarties last? Munch slow or crunch fast?
