03 Intro Sci Method

Question 1

systematic and principled way of obtaining evidence; based on observation

Answer 1

research

Question 2

scientific method is the rules for:

Answer 2

1) how knowledge should be acquired 2) form in which knowledge should be stated
3) how truth/falsity of knowledge should be evaluated

Question 3

other methods apart from sci method?

Answer 3

authority, rationalism, intuition

Question 4

example of authority?

Answer 4

considered true cuz tradition, said by someone important (Linus Pauling and Vit C)

Question 5

example of rationalism?

Answer 5

reasoning and logic

Question 6

example of intuition?

Answer 6

eureka moment, without conscious reasoning

Question 7

sci method based on what 3 elements?

Answer 7

1) skepticism 2) determinism 3) empiricism

Question 8

descriptions of phenomena from precise, unbiased recording

Answer 8

observations

Question 9

key attributes of observations:

Answer 9

accuracy, replicability

Question 10

assertions about phenomena based on limited number of observations

Answer 10

induction

Question 11

statement that specify relationship between 2+ observations

Answer 11

hypotheses

Question 12

when hypotheses have strong empirical support can be called ___

Answer 12

laws

Question 13

integration of hypotheses into more general explanatory systems

Answer 13

theories

Question 14

what do theories do?

Answer 14

clarify relations between diverse observations and hypotheses, provide conceptual means for predicting/influencing events

Question 15

hypotheses can be ___ from relationships postulated by theories

Answer 15

deduced

Question 16

often advancements in ____ challenge existing theories and create new ones

Answer 16

instrumentation/measurement

Question 17

what is theory-dependence of observation?

Answer 17

pre-conceived notions cause selectivity in what is recorded as evidence (may ignore some aspects)

Question 18

what is the validity of induction?

Answer 18

questions validity of generalizations based on limited evidence

Question 19

scientific inquiry influenced by:

Answer 19

social and interpersonal conditions/enviro

Question 20

forming hypotheses/theories is ___ act, not automatic induction

Answer 20

creative

Question 21

why is biopsychosocial model used more?

Answer 21

^ roles of other health care apart from medical, ^ cost of health care

Question 22

why ^ cost of health care?

Answer 22

focus on prevention, self-help and community health initiatives

Question 23

medical model requires _____ approach to research and knowledge

Answer 23

reductionist/quantitative

Question 24

holistic model brings in ____ approach

Answer 24

qualitative/interpretive

Question 25

what is research process?

Answer 25

planning, hypothesis/aims, research design, data collection, organization and presentation of dat, data analysis, interpretation and conclusions

Question 26

what is planning?

Answer 26

consider previous research findings, ethical, economic factors, define hypothesis/aim, select strategy to test

Question 27

for research design you choose ___ method

Answer 27

sampling

Question 28

organization and presentation of data involves ____ statistics

Answer 28

descriptive

Question 29

data analysis involves ___ statistics

Answer 29

inferential

Question 30

what are descriptive statistics?

Answer 30

summarize and describe data

Question 31

what are inferential stats?

Answer 31

determine if data support hypotheses