03 Intro Sci Method Flashcards
systematic and principled way of obtaining evidence; based on observation
research
scientific method is the rules for:
1) how knowledge should be acquired 2) form in which knowledge should be stated
3) how truth/falsity of knowledge should be evaluated
other methods apart from sci method?
authority, rationalism, intuition
example of authority?
considered true cuz tradition, said by someone important (Linus Pauling and Vit C)
example of rationalism?
reasoning and logic
example of intuition?
eureka moment, without conscious reasoning
sci method based on what 3 elements?
1) skepticism 2) determinism 3) empiricism
descriptions of phenomena from precise, unbiased recording
observations
key attributes of observations:
accuracy, replicability
assertions about phenomena based on limited number of observations
induction
statement that specify relationship between 2+ observations
hypotheses
when hypotheses have strong empirical support can be called ___
laws
integration of hypotheses into more general explanatory systems
theories
what do theories do?
clarify relations between diverse observations and hypotheses, provide conceptual means for predicting/influencing events
hypotheses can be ___ from relationships postulated by theories
deduced
often advancements in ____ challenge existing theories and create new ones
instrumentation/measurement
what is theory-dependence of observation?
pre-conceived notions cause selectivity in what is recorded as evidence (may ignore some aspects)
what is the validity of induction?
questions validity of generalizations based on limited evidence
scientific inquiry influenced by:
social and interpersonal conditions/enviro
forming hypotheses/theories is ___ act, not automatic induction
creative
why is biopsychosocial model used more?
^ roles of other health care apart from medical, ^ cost of health care
why ^ cost of health care?
focus on prevention, self-help and community health initiatives
medical model requires _____ approach to research and knowledge
reductionist/quantitative
holistic model brings in ____ approach
qualitative/interpretive
what is research process?
planning, hypothesis/aims, research design, data collection, organization and presentation of dat, data analysis, interpretation and conclusions
what is planning?
consider previous research findings, ethical, economic factors, define hypothesis/aim, select strategy to test
for research design you choose ___ method
sampling
organization and presentation of data involves ____ statistics
descriptive
data analysis involves ___ statistics
inferential
what are descriptive statistics?
summarize and describe data
what are inferential stats?
determine if data support hypotheses
