(21) Vaccines Flashcards
1
Q
(Vaccination vs. Immunization)
- what is deliberately giving the antigen so as to eleict an immune response?
- What is providing the body with specific defeneses agaisnt an antigen?
A
- vaccination
- immunization
2
Q
(Passive Immunization)
- defined as what?
- Short or long lived? (memory?)
- can they induce hypersensitivy reaction?
- can they transfer other infectious agents?
- Does passive immunization = vacciation?
A
- protection of one individual via transfer of Ab (or B cells or T cells) from another individual
- short-lived (no memory)
- yes
- yes
- no
3
Q
(Passive Immunization)
- what is it when passed from mother fetus/neonate through placenta or colostrum?
- What when Abs from one individual are given to another?
A
- natural passive immunity
- artficial passive immunity
4
Q
- Active immunization = ?
- administration of Ag to elicict what?
- uses what to generate protection
- duration of protection? memory cells formed?
- is boosting possible?
A
- vaccination
- adaptive immune response
- individual’s immune system
- prolonged; yes
- yes
5
Q
- What is the main difference between Live and Kiiled vaccine? what is the advantage?
(LIVE VACCINES)
- memory cell production? how long immunity?
(KILLED vaccines)
- do they replicate? what are you giving? good T cell production?
A
- live vaccine will actually replicate; longer exposure to antigens
- very good yes; long-term immunity
- no; a whole bunch of antigens; not really
6
Q
(Live Vaccines)
- Attenuation is achieved by growing the organism in vitro until what happens?
- What can be used to directly remove or mutate virulence genes such that virulence is directly attenuated?
A
- it loses virulence
- rDNA
7
Q
- Essentially a vax should be what?
A
- harmless, but seen as an enemy by the immune system
8
Q
(Types of Vaccines)
(Whole organisms)
- can be what or what?
- attenuated what?
(subunit of component vaccines)
- aka what?
(DNA vaccines)
A
- killed or inactivated
- attenuated live strain
- toxoids
9
Q
(Killed/inactivated vaccines)
(Disadvantages)
- mostly induce what only? since they can’t get into cytoplasm, tough to induce what?
- Because the organism doesn’t multiply, these vaccines require large amount of what?
- protection in shorter of longer term?
- induction of memory B cells?
- boosters?
- usually include what to boost immune reponse?
- very little what put onto mucosal surfaces?
(Advantages)
- storage?
- can it cause disease or illness in immunosuppressed?
A
- antibodies only; CTL responses
- antigen
- shorter
- poor
- required
- adjuvant
- IgA
(Advantages)
- more stable storage
- unlikely
10
Q
(Killed/Inactivated Vaccines)
- Inactivation or killing the organism can be done several ways, but what must be maintained?
- Is heat treating useful?
- chemical inactivation - is it common? common chemiicals used? but what must be done?
- Can inactivated be live organisms? What are they unable to do? do these often give better immunization?
A
- antigenic integrity
- no (denatures proteinss)
- yes; formaldehyde of B-propriolactone; must be removed to avoid toxicity
- yes; replicate; yes
11
Q
(Live Vaccines)
- most induce what kinds of repsonss? viral vaccines also tend to induce what?
- Live vaccines usually contain what kind of organism?
- it will cause what, but not what?
A
- Th1 and Th2; strong CTL responses
- attenuated
- infection, not disease
12
Q
(Subunit or Component Vaccines)
- these vaccines contain only what from an infectious agent rather than the what?
- What is the huge disadvantage of this?
A
- infectious agent; whole organism
(Component or conjugate vaccines include those in which an antigen is complexed with a carrier protein to increase immunogenecity)
- only stimulating immunity against a single protein which may not give full protection (must carefully choose antigen to target)
13
Q
(Toxoid Vaccine)
- what is it basically?
- why is it called toxoid then?
- Can be made by what or what to denautre it?
- so what is it then?
A
- a subunit vaccine
- because just the toxin is being targeted (which is released by pathogen)
- chemical inactivators (formalin) or heat
- an inactivated toxin
(just read this)
14
Q
(DNA vaccines)
- Plasmids carry the what?
- Injection in muscle cells results in what? examples?
- How many proteins are you getting immunity against? What other one is this like?
A
- genetic information for the antigen
- temporary production of the encoded protein; MHC class 1 presentation; cell-mediated immunity
- one; subunit
15
Q
(Needleless Injection Systems)
1-4. What are the four positives?
- The negative?
A
- no risk of disease transfer between animals
- better dispersement of antigen
- no “sharps” waste
- no risk of needle breakage in carcass
- more expensive