(15) Inflammation II Flashcards
1
Q
- exudate is indicative of what? morphologic appearance is very helpful in what?
A
- acute inflammation; diagnosing disease, cause of inflammation
2
Q
- What is the process of directed leukocyte migration within tissues called?
- What group of chemicals is the movement controlled by?
- What does the leukocyte basically follow to get to where it is going?
A
- chemotaxis
- chemokines
- a chemical gradient
3
Q
- What is a cytokine that is involved in leukocyte migration?
- How many groups of chemokines? separated by what?
- He says to know the nomenclature as well… on the ipad (also know that CC and CXC are the two most common chemokine groups)
A
- chemokine
- four groups; cysteine residues found in the protein backbone (highly conserved)
4
Q
- Why are there so many factors involved in controlling leukocyte migration?
A
- because it is really specific - lots of leukocyte populations - don’t want them all going to same spot - you also don’t want to many neutrophils (cause they can cause too much damage)
5
Q
(Neutrophil function)
- What is the primary role of the neutrophil when it gets into tissue? They are professional whats?
- What are neutrophils two ways of killing stuff?
- What enzyme converts oxygen into unstable metabolites?
A
- to kill and eat stuff; professional phagocytes
- oxygen dependent killing (Reactive oxygen species) and oxygen independent killing (enzymes break down whatever is engulfed))
- NADPH oxidase
6
Q
(Defects in Neutrophil Function)
(Defects of Adhesion)
- LFA-1 and Mac-1 subunit defects lead to impaired adhesion - what is this called? occurs in what?
(Defects of chemotaxis/phagocytosis)
- Microtubule assembly defect leads to impaired locomotion and lysosomal degranulation - what is this called? occurs in what?
(Defects of Microbial Activity)
- Deficiency of NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide, therefore no oxygen-dependent killing of bacteria - what is this called?
A
- leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1; occurs in humans, cattle, dogs
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome; humans and cattle
- chronic granulomatous disease
7
Q
(Inflammation - pathophysiological effects)
- What are 3 types of excessive inflammation?
- 1 type of re-occuring inflammation?
- 4 types of chronic inflammation?
A
- systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, anaphylactic shock
- allergies
- persistent infection, autoimmunity, graft rejection, asthma
8
Q
(Wound healing)
1-3. What are the three outcomes of acute inflammation?
- 1 if we can’t regenerate the tissue what will we get? what is this called?
- 2 if we can’t resolve what caused the acute inflammatory response?
- What are the three things that make each acute and chronic inflammation unique?
A
- inflammation resolves and returns back to normal state (regeneration of tissue)
- 1 scarring or fibrosis; organization
- 2 progresses to chronic inflammation
- Acute inflammation (short duration, exudate, neutrophil accumulation)
Chronic inflammation (prolonged duration, scarring, lymphocyte and macrophage accumulation)
9
Q
(Wound Healing)
(Regeneration organization (fibrosis/scarring))
(Regeneration)
- The return to normalcy of tissue requires what two things?
- If the connective tissue framework and/or parenchymal cells are excessively destroyed then the inflammatory lesion is essentially bonded together by what or what? What is this called?
A
- a) an intact connective tissue framework
b) the parenchymal cells (essential cells required for organ function) must be labile (eg epithelial) or stable (hepatocytes, but not permanent (eg cardiac muscle cells)) - fibroblast cells and collagen; organization (scarring/fibrosis)