21. Emotions & culture

Question 1

What is the universalistic idea of emotions? (Emotions Social)

Answer 1

Emotions are based on biological processes and are independent of social norms and culture

Question 2

What is the collectivist idea of emotions? (Emotions Social)

Answer 2

Emotions depend on social concepts and are largely learned/subjective to cultural influence

Question 3

What did Ekman (1972) find? (Emotions Social)

Answer 3

There are 6 basic emotions universally recognised through facial expressions (fear, surprise, anger, happiness, disgust and sadness)

Question 4

What did Matsumoto & Willingham (2009) find? (Emotions Social)

Answer 4

No differences in blind and sighted athletes expressions after winning or losing judo matches

Question 5

What did Kitayama et al (2000) find in relation to emotions across cultures? (Emotions Social)

Answer 5

Americans reporting a higher frequency of positive emotions than negative emotions, where Japanese feel equal frequencies of both

Question 6

What did Gallo & Matthews (2003) find in relation to emotions within cultures? (Emotions Social)

Answer 6

Lower class individuals experience more negative emotions than those of the upper classes

Question 7

What do Feldman-Barrett (2006) believe about emotional experiences? (Emotions Social)

Answer 7

Emotional experiences occur when a person categorises their internal state

Question 8

What did Schacter & Singer (1962) find? (Emotions Social)

Answer 8

P’s felt happy if confederate was and angry if confederate was

Question 9

What does the constructed emotions theory suggest? (Emotions Social)

Answer 9

• Emotions aren’t discrete mental or bodily statuses

- Emotions are things we construct based on our own knowledge and past experiences

Question 10

What did Tsai et al (2006) find? (Emotions Social)

Answer 10

• East Asians want to feel calm (low positive arousal)

- Americans want to feel excited (high positive arousal)

Question 11

What did Jack et al (2012) find? (Emotions Social)

Answer 11

Those from East Asia express emotions through their eyes more intensely than those from Western cultures

Question 12

What were the procedures by Cohen & Nisbett (1996)? (Emotions Social)

Answer 12

• P’s walked down narrow corridor, drop off a form and return
• P’s encountered (or didn’t) a man working on a filing cabinet
• On the way there, the man grumpily made way for P and on the way back bumped into P and called the an ‘asshole’
• A 6’3”, 18 stone, confederate appeared and walked toward P without giving way

Question 13

What did Cohen & Nisbett (1996) find? (Emotions Social)

Answer 13

• South USA P’s who did not receive an insult gave significant more room for the confederate than North USA P’s
• North USA P’s who did receive an insult gave significant more room to confederates than South USA P’s