21/22: Neurodegenerative diseases - PD, AZ, HT

Question 1

alzheimer’s disease proteins

Answer 1

beta amyloid and tau

Question 2

beta amyloid forms

Answer 2

amyloid plaques (extracellular)

Question 3

tau forms

Answer 3

intracellular neurofibrillary tangles

Question 4

parkinson’s disease proteins and pathology

Answer 4

alpha synuclein - lewy bodies

Question 5

huntington’s disease protein and pathology

Answer 5

huntintin- inclusion bodies

Question 6

protein aggregate

Answer 6

amyloid

Question 7

formation of protein aggregate

Answer 7

amyloidosis

Question 8

PD is degeneration of ___ in the _____ causing ______

Answer 8

degeneration of DA neurons in basal ganglia

causing suppression of voluntary movements, tremor, and muscle rigidity

Question 9

PD is associated with

Answer 9

demential and autonomic dysfunction

Question 10

PD etiology

Answer 10

idiopathic or drug induced

Question 11

PD is loss of DA neurons in the

Answer 11

SN and CS

Question 12

in PD there is ___ signalling by cholinergic interneurons in stratum

Answer 12

enhanced

Question 13

in PD there is enhanced activity of ____ signalling to thalamus, reducing signalling to motor cortex to initiate movement

Answer 13

GABAergic

Question 14

T or F: drugs in PD inhibit neurodegeneration/ disease

Answer 14

F- only improves symptoms

Question 15

LDOPA is often used with

Answer 15

Carbidopa/ benserazide

Entacapone/ tolcapone

Question 16

Entacapone/ tolcapone

Answer 16

COMT inhibitor

Question 17

Carbidopa/ benserazide

Answer 17

Peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor that don’t cross the BBB = not as much peripheral side effects

Question 18

Pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, apomorphine

Answer 18

DA receptor agonists

Question 19

LDOPA side effects

Answer 19

Involuntary movements + on off effect, can also cause psychological effects such as shizo like symptoms

Question 20

there’s less vomiting with selective D2 DA receptor agonists called

Answer 20

Pramipexole, ropinirole

Question 21

Selegiline, rasagiline, safinamide

Answer 21

MOA-B inhibitors (mostly CNS)
Protect DA from extraneuronal degradation
Lacks unwanted peripheral effects

Question 22

may increase DA release, inhibit reuptake, and act on DA receptors

Answer 22

amantadine

Question 23

mAChR receptor antagonists

Answer 23

Orphenadrine, procyclidine, trihexyphenidyl, atropine

Question 24

how do mAChR receptor antagonists work

Answer 24

Inhibit M4 which reduces DA release inhibition = increase DA release

Question 25

_____ are used to treat parkinsonian like symptoms in pt receiving antipsychotics

Answer 25

mAChR receptor antagonists

Question 26

inherited autosomal dominant disorder

Answer 26

huntington’s disease

Question 27

pathology of huntington’s

Answer 27

Increase in Glu residues in N terminal of huntingtin = protein aggregates (inclusion bodies) = neuronal loss in cortex and striatum = loss of neurons containing glutamic acid decarboxylase = loss of GABAergic inhibition in bG = hyperactivity of DA neurons

Question 28

Inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transport + reduces dopamine storage and release
To treat huntington’s

Answer 28

Tetrabenazine

Question 29

Chlorpromazine

Answer 29

DA receptor antagonist

HT

Question 30

Baclofen

Answer 30

GABAB receptor agonist

HT

Question 31

progressive loss of cog function

Answer 31

Dementia

Question 32

Common age related dementia- no preceding cause such as stroke, trauma, or alcohol

Answer 32

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 33

Loss of cholinergic neurons in hippocampus and frontal cortex = cognitive deficit and STM loss

Answer 33

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 34

where does Alzheimer’s disease see a loss of ACh neurons

Answer 34

hippocampus and frontal cortex

Question 35

action of Abeta oligomers

Answer 35

activate NMDA receptors = CA2+ overload = excitotoxicity = brain shrinkage

Question 36

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer 36

Prevent breakdown of ACh within synapse

Enhance cholinergic neurotransmission/ function

Question 37

Donepezil

Rivastigmine

Answer 37

CNS, AChE selective

Question 38

Galantamine

Tacrine

Answer 38

General Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 39

Memantine

Answer 39

NMDA receptor channel blockers for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Blocks NMDA receptor ion channels
Potential inhibitor of excitotoxicity

Question 40

where is neuronal loss seen in HT

Answer 40

cortex and striatum

Question 41

which disease sees loss of GABAinergic neurons

Answer 41

HT’s

Question 42

loss of GABA medidated inhibition in the ____ results in hyperactivity of _____ in HT

Answer 42

basal ganglia

DA

Question 43

neurons containing glutamic acid decarboxylase are also known as

Answer 43

GABAergic neurons

Question 44

where does AZ see neuronal loss

Answer 44

hippocampus and frontal cortex

Question 45

what aggregates cause excitotoxicity

Answer 45

A beta

Question 46

what is the cholinesterase in plasma

Answer 46

butyrylcholinesterase