11: Bradykinin, neuropeptides, cytokines, and chemokines Flashcards
peptides are ___ 50 amino acids`
peptides are ___ 50 amino acids`
proteins are ____ amino acids
more than 50
gene to
mRNA to protein to peptide
what cuts out active peptide
proteolytic enzymes
what determines the amount of peptide/ protein
abundance of mRNA
transcriptional control + regulation of degredation
removes introns and some exons to produce different products
alternative splicing
amidation, glycosylation, acetylation, etc are
posttranslational modifications
4 types of pharmacological mediators
- neurotransmitters/ neuropeptides and neuroendocrine mediators
- hormones from nonneural sources
- growth factors
- mediators of the immune system
neuropeptides are often released as
cotransmitters along with nonpeptide NT
substance P and neurkinin A, CGRP, and NPY are examples of
neuropeptides
what causes neurogenic inflammation
neuropeptides
where are neuropeptides released
peripheral ending of nociceptive sensory neurons
erenumab is used for
is a monoclonal antibody against CGRP
used for migraines
bradykinin is a
nonneuronal hormone peptide mediator
where and how is bradykinin generated
within the plasma from protein kininogen by protease kallikrein
what inactivates Bk
ACE
Bk binds
2 GPCR = B1 and B2
pharmacological effects of Bk
vasodilation (NO and PGI2)
vascular permeability
stimulates nerve endings for pain
stimulates fluid secretion in airways and GI
contracts intestinal and uterine smooth muscle
Growth factors are generally large proteins
F- small
what do drugs in oncology block in growth factor signalling
kinase linked receptors
what do drugs in oncology block in growth factor signalling
kinase linked receptors
proteins are ____ amino acids
more than 50
gene to
mRNA to protein to peptide
what cuts out active peptide
proteolytic enzymes
what determines the amount of peptide/ protein
abundance of mRNA
transcriptional control + regulation of degredation
removes introns and some exons to produce different products
alternative splicing
amidation, glycosylation, acetylation, etc are
posttranslational modifications
4 types of pharmacological mediators
- neurotransmitters/ neuropeptides and neuroendocrine mediators
- hormones from nonneural sources
- growth factors
- mediators of the immune system
neuropeptides are often released as
cotransmitters along with nonpeptide NT
substance P and neurkinin A, CGRP, and NPY are examples of
neuropeptides
what causes neurogenic inflammation
neuropeptides
where are neuropeptides released
peripheral ending of nociceptive sensory neurons
erenumab is used for
is a monoclonal antibody against CGRP
used for migraines
bradykinin is a
nonneuronal hormone peptide mediator
where and how is bradykinin generated
within the plasma from protein kininogen by protease kallikrein
what inactivates Bk
ACE
Bk binds
2 GPCR = B1 and B2
pharmacological effects of Bk
vasodilation (NO and PGI2)
vascular permeability
stimulates nerve endings for pain
stimulates fluid secretion in airways and GI
contracts intestinal and uterine smooth muscle
Growth factors are generally large proteins
F- small
GF bind mostly to
kinase linked receptors
what do drugs in oncology block in growth factor signalling
kinase linked receptors
2 examples of drugs inhibiting GF signalling
erlotinib and sunitinib
what protein/ polypeptide mediators are synthesized by immune cells during inflammation
cytokines
what do cytokines do
regulate actions of immune and inflammatory cells
T or F: cytokines are normally undetected in blood but become highly uprefulated during inflammation
T
most cytokines act on
kinase linked receptors to stimulate phosphorylation based signaling to alter gene expression
4 types of cytokines
interleukins
chemokines
interferons
colony stimulating factors
mediators that signal between leukocytes
interleukins
interleukins are primarily
pro inflammatory
IL-4 is an
antiinflammatory interleukin
TNFalpha and IL-1alpha/ beta are
inflammatory interleukins
adalimumab is a drug that
blocks proinflammatory cytokines
monoclonal antibody against TNF alpha
what is adalimumab used to treat
rheumatoid arthritis, chrohn’s disease
what type of cytokines are chemoattractants
chemokines
what are grouped according to key cysteine residues in peptide chains
chemokines
interferons interfere with
viral replication
IFNalpha is an
interferon used to treat chronic hep B and C
some malignant diseases
what interferons is used to treat relapsing MS
IFN beta
what is used in immunodeficiency disease to reduce infection
IFN gamma
colony stimulating factors are
cytokines that overlap with growth factors
epoietin is an
CSF used to treat anemia/ for blood doping
stimulates increase in erythropoietin
filgrastim is a
recombinant grandulocyte colony stimulating factor
what is used to treat neutropenia
filgrastim