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PHARM 203 > 13: Nitric oxide and H2S > Flashcards

13: Nitric oxide and H2S Flashcards

1
Q

why is NO highly reactive

A

it’s a free radical

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2
Q

what forms NO

A

L arg and O2

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3
Q

what is EDRG

A

endothelial derived relaxing factor (NO)

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4
Q

vasodilation by ACh, bradykinin, histamine, ATP due to

A

EDRF

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5
Q

3 isoforms of NO

A

eNOS
nNOS
iNOS

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6
Q

where are eNOS found

A

endothelial cells

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7
Q

where are nNOS ofund

A

neurons

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8
Q

where are iNOS found

A

macrophages

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9
Q

which isoform of NOS is inducible

A

iNOS

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10
Q

which isoform of NOS produces the least NO

A

eNOS and nNOS

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11
Q

the rate of production of NO is determined by

A

the enzyme rather than the amount of substrate

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12
Q

NOS homodimers are inactive or active

A

active

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13
Q

what facilitates dimer formation for NOS

A

TH4 and heme

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14
Q

what group do NOS belong to

A

oxidoreductases

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15
Q

bound Ca2+ calmodulin facilitates transfer of electrons from

A

NADPH to flavin to heme

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16
Q

what does eNOS and nNOS require as cofactors that iNOS doesn’t

A

Ca2+/ calmodulin

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17
Q

cGMP independent effects

A

bind other heme containing enzymes
S-nitrosylation of thiol groups
deamination of DNA bases

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18
Q

what can cGMP affect

A 
ion channels
protein kinases (PKG)
phosphodiesterases (PDE)
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19
Q

what is cGMP broken down by? into what?

A

PDE5 into 5’GMP

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20
Q

3 major pathways for NO inactivation

A

binding hemoglobin
formation of nitrate and nitrite
formation of peroxynitrite

21
Q

eNOS is regulated by

A

phosphorylation

22
Q

what can eNOS be activated by

A

Ca-calmodulin

sheer stress - Akt

23
Q

which NOS inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation + tonically active in resistance vessels

A

eNOS

24
Q

what decerases periperal vascular resistance and bp

A

eNOS

25
Q

what leads to NO production by nNOS

A

NMDA receptor activation

26
Q

NO is a ___ in the CNS important for_____

A

NT

learning and memory formation

27
Q

NO is a ___ in the PNS

A

NANC NT

28
Q

what does NO do in the PNS

A

neurogenic vasodilation
GI, resp, genitourinary functions
autonomic innervation of SM

29
Q

what regulates. influences neuroendocrine function

A

NO from nNOS

30
Q

iNOS is regulated by

A

transcription

31
Q

iNOS is _______ host defence

A

nonspecific

32
Q

what is expressed in response to endotoxins, IL1, IFN, TNF

A

iNOS

33
Q

what is activated against bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, tumor cells

A

iNOS

34
Q

what does iNOS cause

A

nitrosylation of NA
binds heme enzymes
binds mitochondrial enzymes responsible for respiration

35
Q

what inhibits iNOS

A

glucocorticoids

36
Q

excess production of NO results in

A

hypotension
excitotoxicity
inflammatory conditions- no drugs for this

37
Q

inadequate NO results in

A

atherogenesis, thrombosis, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension in newborn

38
Q

nitroglycerin treats

A

angina

39
Q

nitroprusside treats

A

hypertensive crisis

40
Q

nebivolol effect

A

increases NOS

41
Q

statins effect

A

increase in iNOS and decrease cholesterol

42
Q

PDE5 inhibitors do what

A

block breakdown of cAMP

43
Q

sidenafil and tadarafil do what

A

ehnance actions of NO

44
Q

what to give to newborn with pulmonary hypertension

A

inhaled NO

45
Q

other gases as chemical mediators

A

CO and H2S

46
Q

how is CO produced

A

endogenous by heme oxygenase

47
Q

effect of CO and H2S at low conc

A

both are vasodilators

H2S has antiinflammatory effects

48
Q

H2S is produced from __ by

A

cysteine

cystathionine gamma lyase or cystathionine beta synthase

49
Q

H2S is excreted as

A

thiosulfate, sulfite/ sulfate in urine

PHARM 203 (21 decks)

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