202 - Body Water and Electrolyte Balance, b

Question 1

the body combats excessive water in take by . . .

Answer 1

excessive urination (duh)

Question 2

during dehydration AHD is released to conserve body water, resulting in low ____ volume

Answer 2

urine

Question 3

losing more than __% of water in the body will cause death

Answer 3

20

Question 4

the major contributor to extracellular osmolality is ________, intracellular is ________

Answer 4

sodium; potassium

Question 5

_________ - positive sodium balance (body retains)

Answer 5

hypernatremia

Question 6

_________ - negative sodium balance (not enough)

Answer 6

hyponatremia

Question 7

hypovolemia has what effect (related to salt)

Answer 7

increases salt appetite and thirst

Question 8

glomerular filtration rate, aldosterone from renin sys, and atrialnatriuretic factor all control . . .

Answer 8

sodium excretion

Question 9

increase stretching / blood volume causes secretion of _____ _________ ______, which increases sodium excretion by kidneys

Answer 9

atrial natriuretic factor

Question 10

the excretion of what ions is always coupled (opposite directions)

Answer 10

sodium and potassium

Question 11

_________ - excess potassium in the blood (greater than 5.5 mieq per L)

Answer 11

hyperkalemia

Question 12

________ controls both potassium excretion and sodium uptake by the renal collecting ducts

Answer 12

aldosterone

Question 13

_________ - lack of potassium in the blood (less than 3.5 mieq per L)

Answer 13

hpokalemia

Question 14

______ acts as a buffer in acid-base control

Answer 14

phosphate

Question 15

99% of Ca and 85% of phosphate are found where in the body?

Answer 15

skeleton

Question 16

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D all control ______ regulation in the body

Answer 16

calcium

Question 17

________ - caused by hypoparathyroidism and Vit D deficiency; twitching, muscle cramps, seizures

Answer 17

hypocalcemia

Question 18

_______ - caused by hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid adenoma, Vit D overdose, overuse of Ca; lethargy, nausea, vomiting, coma, constipation

Answer 18

hypercalcemia

Question 19

Percent water in fat cells vs other cells

Answer 19

10% vs 70-75%

Question 20

what happens if you eat a lot of salt without taking in water

Answer 20

extracellular water increases (water leaves the cells)

Question 21

what 3 ways is water added to the body

Answer 21

drink, food, metabolism

Question 22

C16H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O is what?

Answer 22

metabolism water production

Question 23

when the kidneys respond to extra water intake through excess urination, called . . .

Answer 23

water diuresis

Question 24

2 hormones that affect salt appetite

Answer 24

angiotensin 2, aldosterone

Question 25

2 hormones that control potassium excretion

Answer 25

angiotensin 2, aldosterone

Question 26

primary function of phosphate in the body . . .

Answer 26

acts as a buffer

Question 27

loss of ADH, no control of fluid excretion is related to what disease . . . .

Answer 27

diabetes insipidus

Question 28

diabetes insipidus vs mellitus

Answer 28

loss of ADH vs loss of insulin