2/5/13 Flashcards
Loss to follow-up on prospective studies creates a potential for _______ bias.
selection
What physical exam finding can easily differentiate methemoglobinemia from carbon monoxide and CN- poisoning?
Skin color - pink in CO and CN-, blue in MetHb
Serum levels of ______ will confirm the Dx of CO poisoning.
Carboxyhemoglobin
What kind of nephropathy are HBV, HCV, malaria, and syphilis all associated with?
Membranous nephropathy
What is hepatorenal syndrome?
Renal failure d/t portal htn
In a pt w/ pulmonary embolism, heparin and warfarin should be started simultaneously. After how many days can heparin usu. be stopped?
5-7
How long should warfarin be given to a pt after the first PE?
6 mos.
How long should warfarin be given to a pt after 2nd PE?
For life
In the cause of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, when should CPR be started before defibrillation?
When >4-5 mins will pass before defibrillator arrives or event was unwitnessed
What aerobic, Gram(+), partially acid-fast branching rods cause pulmonary, CNS, or cutaneous manifestations, particularly in people with deficient cell-mediated immunity?
Nocardia
What is the Tx for nocardiasis?
TMP-SMX
Electrical alternans is an EKG sign fairly specific for _______.
pericardial effusion
What is electrical alternans on EKG? What is thoguht to be the mechanism?
amplitude changes from beat to beat as heart swingsback and forth in pericardial fluid.
What benign tumor of the liver causes sheets of enlarged hepatocytes containing lipid and glycogen with loss of hepatic architecture (nodules, bile ducts)?
hepatic adenoma
Who is at increased risk for hepatic adenoma?
young women w/ a long Hx of oral contraceptive use, anabolic androgen users, glycogen storage disease, DM, and pregnancy
What are the 2 most feared complications of hepatic adenoma?
intratumor bleed and malignant transformation
What serum marker can indicate malignant transformation ofr hepatic adenoma?
alpha-fetoprotein
What 2 situations might increased GGT or Alk Phos indicate in pts w/ hepatic adenoma?
multiple adenomas or intratumor bleed
About ___ in 10 ps w/ hepatic adenoma will experience malignant transformation.
1
What is the conservative Tx of asymptomatic hepatic adenomas?
discontinuation of oral contraceptives followed by serial imaging and measurement of serum AFP.
What is the more aggressive Tx of hepatic adenoma, which musdt be performed in symptomatic cases?
resection
What is a benign hepatic tumor that, unlike adenoma, shows sinusoids and Kupffer cells and is not associated w/ oral contraceptive use?
focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
What assumption is necessary in order to conclude that the exposure-odds ratio is roughly equal to the relative risk?
rare disease assumption
_______ deficiency can cause RBC fragility, HYPOreflexia, muscle weakness, and blindness.
Vit E
