2-04, Mental models Flashcards
What is a mental model?
IT is your mental picture
IT is your planning, executing and monitoring
What is the general rule for passing traffic?
When in doubt, pass traffic
Define traffic information
Information issued by ATS to pilots regarding other known or observed traffic that may be in such proximity to their position or intended route to warrant attention.
Provide traffic information to all concerned aircraft if any of the following apply:
A pilot requets it
A pilot acknowledges an avoidance instruction
You consider it necessary
Waht airspace must traffic information be passed in?
C and D
What sources might traffic information be based on?
Visual observations
Observations of indentified or unidentified targets
Reports from other ATS facilities or pilots
When issuing traffic information to aircraft as appropriate include:
POsition (oclock for indentified, position related to a fix for unidentified, include distance)
Direction
Type of aircraft or relative speed
Altitude of aircraft
Reporting point and time
Other info
True or false: IF you are using surveillance to pass traffic the aircraft you arretalking to must be indentified?
True, but the target you are pointing out may or may not be indentified
Define conflict resolution
The resolution of potential conlifcts between IFR/VFR and VFR/VFR aircraft that are indentified and in communication with ATC.
In ATS surveillance environment, provide conflict resolution as follows
Between IFR and VFR and between VFR and VRF on pilot requests
In this airspace: Class C Class D (as far as practicable) IF workload permits also class E
When one more aircraft being separated is VFR do one of the following:
You may assign a specific altitude to separate VFR aircraft from a specific traffic flow or another aircraft
Take whatever action to consider necessary to separate VFR aircraft from ATS surveillance controlled aircraft at the same altitude and in the same general area.
When providing conflict resolution, apply one of the following forms of separation:
Visual separation
A minimum of 500 feet vertical separation or more if required for wake turbulence
Target resolution as detailed in ATS surveillance separation (dots don’t touch on the radar)
Another minimum as describe in ATS surveillance separation
Define ATS surveillance separation
If both aircraft are identified and you are in direct communication using VHF/UHF voice with at least one of the aircraft, do not permit the PPSs to touch
What are 4 sources of information useful in conflict resolution?
Pilot reports, FDE, NARDS, Controller information
3 things for successful plans and communicating with pilots for conflict resolution
Use Standard phraseology
Issue clearance or instructions in a timely manner
Issue a clearaane that the pilot can comply with
List factors limiting a controllers ability to solve a conflict
Controller/Pilot skill
terrain
weather
ATS surveillance ability
Manoeuvring area
Airspace configuration
Company operating considerations
Environmental considerations
Waht are the three phases of situational awareness?
Perception, Comprehension, Projection
What are the 4 reasons a helicopter may request a low altitude?
Training, Traffic PAtrols, Police activities, Power line patrols
According to CARS 602.96 no pilot in command shall operate at an altitude below 2000’ over an aerodrome except for landing and takeoff with these exceptions:
POlice Authority
Saving a human life
Firefighting or air ambulance acitivity
Flight inspection
Highway or city traffic patrol
Aerial application or aerial inspection
Helicopter external load applications
Define Autorotation
The condition of flight during which the main rotor is driven only by aerodynamic forces with no power from the engine.
What are the 4 stages of autorotation
They lose power, they dive to keep air flowing through the rotor, landing flare to slow down, touchdown
If a pilot request to takeoff from a surface other than the runway or designated and approved area:
If necessary provide traffic and obstruction information and control instructions
Inform the pilot that takeoff or landing will be at the pilots discretion
Air Taxi
The movement of a helicopter or vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (VTOL) above the surface of an aerodrom but not above 100’ AGL. The aircraft may procede at airspeeds of more than 20 knots
Hover taxi
The movement of a helicopter or VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome and in ground effect at airspeeds less than 20 knots
We preferentially clear helicopters to air taxi unless either of the following apply
The pilot has requested to hover taxi or taxi on the surface
the unit manager has directed that helicopters are to taxi only via the hover mode in specified situations
Do not clear helicopters to air or hover taxi if it will results in flight over persons vehicles or aircraft, why?
Strong rotor downwash could be dangerous
What is the difference between 60 and 66 in FDE entries?
60 signifies an areea other than the published runway within the airport boundary (apron, helipad, infield)
66 signifies an area within the control zone or TRA but outside the airport boundary (MArch hospital, south march)
What are the rules for a frequency change request for a single piloted helicopter?
While a single piloted helicopter is air taxiing, hovering, or flying at a low altitude, do not request a frequency change
What are the rules for a helicopter land while aircraft are taxiing?
A helicopter may be permitted to land on the threshold of a runway while an aircraft is taxxing on the opposite end of the runway, provided traffic is exchanged and appropriate restriction are applied.
What is a good habit for helicopter altitude restrictions in the sim so they dont conflict with our circuit?
WE tell helicopters not above1300’
List four methods you can use to recover situational awareness when it has been lost?
Keep it simple, revert to the simplest possible solution
Follow rules and procedures
Manage stress and distractions
Manage fatigue
Take time to think, oftern taking a second to think will save time in the overall picture
Try to see the big picture and avoid tunnel vision
List 4 behaviours\events that can lead to a loss of situational awareness?
Tunnel vision
High workload
Complex/detailed problems
Distrations interruptions
Passive complacent behaviour
Unaware of the impact of significant changes
Name 5 skills that will help you develop and maintain situational awareness
Keep scanning, avoid fixating
PLan ahead
Anticipate pilot requests (what ifs)
Shift tasks away from busy time
Know your personal limits
Be attentive to the working environment around you
