Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CPR II > (18.1) Pulmonary Path IV (Singh) > Flashcards

(18.1) Pulmonary Path IV (Singh) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we include the nose, nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses in pulmonary path?

A

All these structures are lined by respiratory epithelium

They are vulnerable to the same enviornmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the normal histologic features of the nose, nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory epithelium

Mucous glands

Lymphoid aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the common causes of viral rhinitis/sinusitis?

A

Rhinovirus

Coronavirus

Adenovirus

Echovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptom of viral rhinitis/sinusitis?

A

Clear rhinorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What typically causes bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis?

A

Superimposed infection of streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Symptom of bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis?

A

Thick, purulent nasal secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a common manifestation of chronic rhinitis/sinusitis?

A

Inflammatory sinonasal polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the histologic hallmarks of inflammatory sinonasal polyps?

A

Edema in the stroma

w/ Eosinophilic infiltrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of a consequence from chronic obstruction of a sinus?

A

Mucocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a dental consideration with sinusitis?

A

The pathway of infection to the sinuses!

Normal oral flora may enter the maxillary sinus by tracking along periapical tissues (oral flora)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 major sinuses, and where are they located anatomically?

A

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal sinus

Maxillary sinus

Sphenoidal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes allergic fungal sinusitis?

A

Occurs as a result of hypersensitivity of fungal organisms (eg aspergillus) that have colonized the sinus tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the histologic features of allergic fungal sinusitis?

A

Allergic mucin

May see fungal hyphae

+/- mycetoma (fungal ball)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What typically causes acute invasive sinusitis?

A

Zygomycosis species (mucor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What population does acute invasive sinusitis target?

A

Diabetic

or

Immunosuppressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the severity of acute invasive sinusitis?

A

VERY emergent situation

Requires IV antifungal therapy to prevent extension into brain or sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) typically affects?

A

Middle aged adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where can GPA affect anatomically?

A

Nasal passages/sinuses

Lungs

Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the unique histology associated with GPA?

A

Granulomatous inflammation/vasculitis

Classic “necrobiotic” necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the benign tumors of the nose, sinuses and nasopharynx?

A

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Sinonasal (Schneiderian) papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the malignant tumors of the nose, sinuses and nasopharynx?

A

Olfactory neuroblastoma

NUT midline carcinomas

EBV related malignancies (nasopharyngeal carcinoma and extranodal NK/T cell lympoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

What is it?

Demographic?

A

Nasopharyngeal polypoid mass

Young men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the unique histologic features of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma?

A

Vascular fibrous core lined by benign epithelium

SIMILAR TO spongiosum of erectile tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the MAJOR association of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma?

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is **familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)?**
Caused by a mutation in **APC gene** Typically inherited Characterized as **numerous colon polyps** that develop in childhood and adolescence \*\*\*Inevitable progression to **carcinoma** by middle age
26
Why does it matter that **familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)** is HIGHLY associated with **nasopharyngeal angiofibroma?**
Because patients that have NO family hx. of FAP may have had a sporadic mutation in APC gene that would predispose them to **colon cancer** If the physician observes **nasopharyngeal angiofibroma**, should look into genetic testing and performing a colon biopsy to evaluate risk of colon cancer
27
What are the three types of **sinonasal (Schneiderian) papillomas?**
Exophytic Endophytic Oncocytic
28
What is a common name for **olfactory neuroblastoma?** Is it benign or malignant?
"Small round blue cell tumor" Malignant
29
What is the origin of **olfactory neuroblastoma?**
Neuroectoderm in the superior nasal passage (Neuroendocrine tumor)
30
What are the 2 age peaks for **olfactory neuroblastoma?**
Adolescence Middle age
31
What is the classic radiographic presentation of **olfactory neuroblastoma?**
"Dumb-bell" shaped tumor (penetrates through cribiform plate)
32
What is the most important clinical presentation of **nasopharyngeal carcinoma?**
Majority of cases present in the **neck** as **cervical lymph node metastasis** \*This is stange because the origin of nasopharyngeal carcinomas occur in the nasopharynx (Double arrow=cervical lymph node metastasis, Single arrow=origin of nasopharyngeal carcinoma)
33
What are the risk factors for **nasopharyngeal carcinoma?**
Age **EBV** Chinese/Southeast asian adults Young african children
34
Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma Associated with? Demographic?
**EBV** Asia and Latin America; any age but peaks in **middle age**
35
Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma Can cause...
Necrotic destruction of paranasal sinuses
36
Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma What are the sx?
Fever Night sweats Weight loss
37
Identify the squamous lesions of the larynx
38
Vocal cord nodules... aka?
"Singer's nodules"
39
What are **vocal cord nodules?**
Expansion of the **soft tissue** underlying the **vocal fold**
40
Laryngeal squamous papilloma What is it? Association?
Benign squamous **neoplasm** with papillary appearance HPV 6/11
41
What is a SIGNIFICANT complication associated with **laryngeal squamous papilloma?**
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
42
Laryngeal carcinoma What type of carcinoma? Common demographic?
Squamous carcinoma Men \>60y/o
43
Laryngeal carcinoma has a strong association with?
Smoking Alcohol HPV infection
44
Describe what **otitis media** looks like
Opaque, buldging out
45
What are the three major causes of **otitis media?**
**S |** Streptococcus pneumoniae **M |** Moraxella catarrhalis **H** **|** Haemophilus influenzae
46
What is unique about chronic **otitis media** in diabetics?
Usually caused by **pseudomonas aergunosa** This will drastically change how you treat it
47
What is a major complication associated with **chronic otitis media?**
Cholesteatoma
48
What is **otosclerosis?**
Abnormal bony deposition at the **stapedial footplate**
49
What is the major symptom associated with **otosclerosis?**
Conductive hearing loss
50
What is the inheritance pattern of **otosclerosis?**
Autosomal dominant
51
What are the common **neck cysts?**
Branchial cyst Thyroglossal duct cyst
52
Branchial cyst Demographic? Mechanism?
Young adults 2nd branchial arch pinching off cyst
53
Thyroglossal duct cyst What is it? What would you see histologically?
Remnant nests of tissue from **thyroid migration** with cystic change You'll see respiratory lining PLUS **thyroid follicles**
54
Carotid body tumor Origin? Appearance? Associated with?
**Neural crest origin** See image Sporadically or associated with **MEN2**
55
What are the unique histologic hallmarks of **carotid body tumors?** What stain do you use to highlight these?
Nests of cells called "**zellballen**" S-100 stain
56
NOW STARTING WITH PATHOLOGIC RADIOGRAPHIC CORRELATION CASES (52min into lecture)
57
What is a major radiographic pattern of **bronchopneumonia?**
Tree-in-bud
58
What is imporant to note with **tree-in-bud** pattern?
Sometimes the pattern is patchy or subtle
59
What is this?
Lobar pneumonia
60
What is this sign?
"**Bulging fissure**" sign Typical sign associated with lobar pneumonia
61
What are the distinct patterns for **bronchopneumonia?**
"Tree-in-bud"
62
What are the **take home** points of **lobar pneumonia?**
Tend to follow **anatomic lobar distribution** Usually **S.pneumo**, **S.aureus, Gram negatives** More likely to ABSCESS
63
This is an example of:
Bronchiectasis
64
What is this?
Primary ciliary dyskinesia w/ dextrocardia **Kartagener syndrome**
65
What are the take home points for evaluating **bronchiectasis** on imaging?
Abnormal dilation and extension of airway spaces into **peripheral fields**
66
What sign is this?
Batwing appearance
67
What caues "bat-wing" infiltrates?
Pulmonary edema Pneumonias Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Inhalation injury \*\*\*Anything favoring **proximal vascular airway involvement**
68
What causes "reverse bat-wing" infiltrates?
Anything that favors **peripheral involvement** **FIBROSIS** Sarcoidosis
69
What is this?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis --\> Follows AIRWAYS
70
What is this?
Sarcoidosis ---\> Follows LYMPHATICS
71
What is this radiographic sign? What is the most **common** cause of this?
"White out" Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
72
Take home points for: **_Central process_** Sign? Involvement?
"Bat-wing" Rely on initial involvement of **proximal airways or vessels**
73
Take home points for: **_Peripheral processes_** Sign? Involvement?
"Reverse bat-wing" Almost always a fibrosing process
74
Take home points for: **Diffuse processes** Sign? Involvement?
"White out" ARDS
75
What are the ways to categorize nodules?
76
What is a classic entity that will demonstrate a "popcorn" appearance as it calcifies?
Hemartoma
77
When would a lesion on a chest X-ray or CT scan be more worrisome for malignancy?
Irregular border Size Calcification Rate of growth
78
What are the **fleischner guidelines?**
A set of guidelines used to determine next steps following radiographic imaging
79
Adenocarcinomas have a _____________ appearance
Ground glass
80
What is a radiographic hallmark of **invasive adenocarcinoma?**
"Bubble lucencies"
81
What are the hallmarks of **squamous carcinoma?**
Cavitation
82
What is this?
Atelectasis "Wedge shaped"
83
What is an important consideration when taking a CXR of a suspected tension pneumothorax?
SHOULD BE EXPIRATORY!!! Unable to observe mediastinal shift during inhalation
84

CPR II (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions