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Anatomy Topnotch > 17. Head > Flashcards

17. Head Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior Triangle

borders

A
  • posterior border: sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • anterior border of the trapezius muscle
  • superior border of the clavicle.
  • roof formed by the platysma and the investing (superficial) layer of the deep cervical fascia.
  • floor: splenius capitis and levator scapulae muscles and the anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles.
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2
Q

posterior triangle contains this structures

A

accessory nerve, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus, external jugular vein,
transverse cervical and
suprascapular vessels,
subclavian vein (occasionally) and artery,
posterior (inferior) belly of the omohyoid, and roots and trunks of the brachial plexus.
nerve to the subclavius and the dorsal scapular, suprascapular, and long thoracic nerves.

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3
Q

posterior triangle is divided into occipital and subclavian (supraclavicular or omoclavicular) triangles by the

A

omohyoid posterior belly.

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4
Q

Anterior Triangle

boundaries

A

bounded by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible.

roof formed by the platysma and the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia.

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5
Q

anterior triangle

futher divided into:

A

digastric (submandibular), submental (suprahyoid), carotid, and muscular (inferior carotid) triangles.

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6
Q

what muscle divides the anterior triangle

A

omohyoid anterior belly and the digastric anterior and posterior bellies into the digastric (submandibular), submental (suprahyoid), carotid, and muscular (inferior carotid) triangles.

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7
Q

is a spasmodic contraction or shortening of the neck muscles, producing twisting of the neck with the chin pointing upward and to the opposite side.

A

Torticollis (wryneck)

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8
Q

torticollis is due to

A

injury to the sternocleidomastoid muscle or avulsion of the accessory nerve at the time of birth and unilateral fibrosis in the muscle, which cannot lengthen with the growing neck (congenital torticollis)

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9
Q

is an elongation of the styloid process or excessive calcification of the styloid process or stylohyoid ligament that causes neck, throat, or facial pain and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing).

A

Eagle’s syndrome

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10
Q

How many skull bones

A

22
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones

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11
Q

paired cranial bones

A

parietal

temporal

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12
Q

unpaired cranial bones

A

frontal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid

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13
Q

paired facial bones

A 
palatine 
lacrimal
maxilla
nasal
inferior nasal concha 
zygomatic
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14
Q

unpaired facial bones

A

vomer

mandible

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15
Q

meeting point of frontal and nasal bones

A

nasion

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16
Q

intersection of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures.

A

lambda

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17
Q

intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures.

A

bregma

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18
Q

craniometric point at the junction of the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones and the great wing of the sphenoid bone.

A

pterion

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19
Q

craniometric point at the junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal (mastoid part) bones.

A

asterion

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20
Q

point on the middle of the nasofrontal suture (intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones).

A

nasion

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21
Q

most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance, which is used as a fixed point in craniometry

A

inion

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22
Q

Is a U-shaped bone consisting of a median body, paired lesser horns (cornua) laterally, and paired greater horns (cornua) posteriorly.

A

Hyoid bone

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23
Q

this part of hyoid

Provides for attachments for the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid muscles.

A

body of hyoid

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24
Q

this part of hyoid

Provides attachments for the middle constrictor, hyoglossus, digastric (anterior and posterior) bellies, stylohyoid, and thyrohyoid muscles.

A

greater horn

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25
Q

Provides attachment for the stylohyoid ligament, which runs from the styloid process to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone.

A

lesser horn

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26
Q

Is a slender projection of variable length and extends downward and forward from the temporal bone.

A

stylohyoid

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27
Q

Gives origin to three muscles (stylohyoid, styloglossus, and stylopharyngeus) and two ligaments (stylohyoid and stylomandibular).

A

styloid process

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28
Q

in Eagle’s syndrome, pain may occur due to

A

compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which winds around the styloid process or stylohyoid ligament as it descends to supply the tongue, pharynx, and neck

pain may be caused by pressure on the internal and external carotid arteries by a deviated and elongated styloid process.

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29
Q

Tx of eagle’s syndrome

A

styloidectomy

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30
Q

formed by the union of cranial and spinal roots.

Has cranial roots that arise from the medulla oblongata below the roots of the vagus. Has spinal roots that arise from the lateral aspect of the cervical segment of the spinal cord between C1 and C3 (or C1 and C7) and unites to form a trunk that ascends between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves in the vertebral canal and passes through the foramen magnum.

A

Accessory Nerve

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31
Q

thyrohyoid muscle

innervated by

A

C1 via the hypoglossal nerve

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32
Q

Innervates the infrahyoid (or strap) muscles, such as the omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles, with the exception of the thyrohyoid muscle

A

Ansa Cervicalis

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33
Q

is a temporary loss of consciousness or fainting caused CORRELATES by diminished cerebral blood flow.

A

carotid sinus syncope

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34
Q

is the excision of atherosclerotic thickening of intima of the internal carotid artery for the prevention of stroke in patients with symptoms of obstructive disease of the carotid artery.

A

Carotid endarterectomy

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35
Q

s granulomatous inflammation with multinucleated giant cells, affecting the medium-sized arteries, especially the temporal artery. Symptoms include severe headache, excruciating pain in the temporal area, temporal artery tenderness, visual impairment, transient diplopia, jaw claudication, fever, fatigue, and weight loss.

A

temporal (giant cell) arteritis

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36
Q

temporal (giant cell) arteritis tx

A

prednisone

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37
Q

skull fracture at pterion may lacerate this artery

A

middle meningeal artery

38
Q

skull fracture at pterion may cause this type of hematoma

A

epidural or extradural hematoma

39
Q

how does a skull fracture at pterion can cause brainstem copression

A

compress the lateral part of the cerebral hemsphere –> hernation of the medial part of te temporal lobe -> comperss the brainstem

40
Q

skull fracture at this area may cause blood or CSF to escape the ear, hearing loss and facial nerve damage

A

petrous portion of the temporal bone

41
Q

skull fracture at this area maycause anosmia, periorbital buising,
raccoon eyes, CSF leakage from nose, rhinorrhea

A

anterior cranial fossa

42
Q

Skull fracture at this area initially presents as:
•lucid asymptomatic interval –> weakness of limb muscles –> dilated pupil (compression of CNIII)
–> deterioration of cardiovascular and resp fx

A

skull fracture at pterion

43
Q

a horizontal fracture superior to maxillary alveolar process

A

Le Fort I

44
Q

posterolateral aprts of the maxillary sinuses;

central part of the face separatde from the cranium

A

Le Fort II

45
Q

horizontal fracture that passes through the superior orbital fissues, ethmoid and nasal extending to greater wing of sphenoid

maxillae and zygomatic separated from cranium

A

Le Fort III

46
Q

Layers of the scalp

A 
skin 
connective tissue
aponeurosis (Galea aponeurotica) 
loose connective tissue 
pericranium/ periosteum
47
Q

the layer that allows free movement of the scalp proper

A

Loose connective tissue

48
Q

this layer of scalp contains emissary veins - danger area

A

Loose connective tissue

49
Q

differentiates into CNS

A

neural tube

50
Q

gives rise to cells that forms the PNS, ANS, cranial, spinal and autonomic ganglia

A

Neural crest

51
Q

Neural crest derivatives

A 
sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves 
neurolemmal sheath of peripheral nerve 
meninges 
pigment cells of retina 
cells of adrenal medulla
52
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A
  1. forebrain - prosencephalon
  2. midbrain - mesencephalon
  3. hindbrain- rhombencephalon
53
Q

what secondary brain vesicles are formed at 5th week of dev

A

prosencephalon -> TELENCEPHALON

Rhombencephalon -> METENCEPHALON , MYELENCEPHALON

54
Q

congenital megacolon

A

Hirschsprung disease

55
Q

undelying pathology of Hirschsprung disease

A

absence of neural crest cell migration

-> aganglionic segment -> failure of peristalsis -> megacolon

56
Q

Anatomical level of the nervous system

A

I. supratentorial level
II. infratentorial level/ posterior fossa level
III. Spinal level
IV. Peripheral level

57
Q

located above the tentorium cerebella

A

supratentorium level

58
Q

supratentorial parts of the nervous system

A 
cerebrum
basal ganglia 
thalamus 
hypothalamus 
CN I and II
59
Q

located below the tentorium cerebelli but above foramen magnum

A

cerebellum
brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
CN III-XII

60
Q

this structures are located below the foramen magnum but contained within the vertebral column

A

spinal level

61
Q

spinal level

structures

A

spinal cord

spinal nerves within VC

62
Q

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 protective membranes or meninges

A

a. dura mater
b. subarachnoid mater
c. pia mater

63
Q

2 layers of the dura mater

A

endosteal layer

meningeal layer

64
Q

meningeal layer of the dura mater sends inward 4 septa - which divides the cranial cavity into freely communicating spaces

A
  1. falx cerebri
  2. tentorium cerebelli
  3. falx cerebelli
  4. diaphragma sella
65
Q

Presents several openings: the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum.

A

Greater Wing of the Sphenoid Bone

66
Q

Has a deep central depression known as the hypophyseal fossa, which accommodates the pituitary gland or the hypophysis.

A

Sella Turcica (Turk’s Saddle) of the Sphenoid Bone

67
Q

downward sloping surface from the dorsum sellae to the foramen magnum.

A

Clivus

68
Q

Is a delicate investment that is closely applied to the brain and dips into fissures and sulci. Enmeshes blood vessels on the surfaces of the brain.

A

Pia Mater

69
Q

is caused by rupture of the thin-walled lenticulostriate artery, a branch of the middle cerebral artery, producing hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body).

A

cerebral hemorrhage

70
Q

is due to rupture of cerebral arteries and veins that cross the subarachnoid space. It may be caused by rupture of an aneurysm on the circle of Willis or, less commonly, by a hemangioma (proliferation of blood vessels leads to a mass that resembles a neoplasm).

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

71
Q

is due to rupture of bridging cerebral veins as they pass from the brain surface into the venous sinuses that result from a blow on the front or the back of the head, causing displacement of the brain.

A

subdural hematoma

72
Q

is due to rupture of the middle meningeal arteries or veins caused by trauma near the pterion, fracture of the greater wing of the sphenoid, or a torn dural venous sinus

A

epidural hematoma

73
Q

may put pressure on the brain and form a biconvex pattern on computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging.

A

epidural hematoma

74
Q

Is the sickle-shaped double layer of the dura mater, lying between the cerebral hemispheres.

A

falx cerebri

75
Q

is attached anteriorly to the crista galli and posteriorly to the tentorium cerebelli.

A

falx cerebri

76
Q

Has a free inferior concave border that contains the inferior sagittal sinus, and its upper convex margin encloses the superior sagittal sinus.

A

falx cerebri

77
Q

Is a small sickle-shaped projection between the cerebellar hemispheres.

A

Falx Cerebelli

78
Q

Contains the occipital sinus in its posterior border.

A

Falx Cerebelli

79
Q

Is attached to the posterior and inferior parts of the tentorium.

A

Falx Cerebelli

80
Q

Is a crescentic fold of dura mater that supports the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and covers the cerebellum.

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

81
Q

Has a free internal concave border, which bounds the tentorial notch, whereas its external convex border encloses the transverse sinus posteriorly and the superior petrosal sinus anteriorly.

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

82
Q

Is a circular, horizontal fold of dura that forms the roof of the sella turcica, covering the pituitary gland or the hypophysis.

A

Diaphragma Sellae

83
Q

Has a central aperture for the hypophyseal stalk or infundibulum.

A

Diaphragma Sellae

84
Q

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus in the cavernous CORRELATES sinus and is caused by bacterial infections induced commonly by

A

Staphylococcus

85
Q

Dura mater sensory nerve supply

A

trigeminal = above the tentorium
•headache referred to forehead and face
first 3 cervical nerves - below the tentorium
•headache- referred to the back of the head and neck

86
Q

potential space that contains the middle meningeal

arteries in the cranial cavity.

A

epidural space

87
Q

Is the tough, fibrous, outermost layer of the meninges external to the subdural space, the space between the arachnoid and the dura.

■ Lies internal to the epidural space, a potential space that contains the middle meningeal arteries in the cranial cavity.

A

dura mater

88
Q

Is a filmy, transparent, spidery layer that is connected to the pia mater by web-like trabeculations.

A

arachnoid layer

89
Q

vascular membrane covered by flattened mesothelial cells ; closely invests the brain covering the gyri and descending into sulci

A

pia mater

90
Q

Dejerine - Roussy syndrome or central pain syndrome

Which part of brain is involved

A

it is a Thalamic infarction

thalamus

Anatomy Topnotch (26 decks)

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