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Anatomy Topnotch > 16. Female reproductive system > Flashcards

16. Female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the external female genitalia

A

vulva (pudendum)

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2
Q

fx of the vulva

A

Acts as sensory tissue during sexual intercourse
Assists in micturition by directing the flow of urine
Protects the internal female reproductive tract from infection.

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3
Q

vulva is a collective term for several anatomical structures:

A
  1. mons pubis
  2. labia majora
  3. labia minora
  4. vestibule
  5. bartholin’s glands
  6. clitoris
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4
Q

a subcutaneous fat pad located anterior to the pubic symphysis. It formed by the fusion of the labia majora.

A

mons pubis

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5
Q

two hair-bearing external skin folds.

They extend from the mons pubis posteriorly to the posterior commissure

A

Labia majora

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6
Q

a depression overlying the perineal body

A

posterior commissure

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7
Q

labia major is embryologically derived from

A

labioscrotal swellings

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8
Q

two hairless folds of skin, which lie within the labia majora.

A

labia minora

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9
Q

They fuse anteriorly to form the hood of the clitoris and extend posteriorly either side of the vaginal opening

A

labia minora

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10
Q

labia minora merge posteriorly, creating a fold of skin known as the

A

fourchette

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11
Q

labia minora is

Embryologically derived from

A

urethral folds

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12
Q

the area enclosed by the labia minora. It contains the openings of the vagina (external vaginal orifice, vaginal introitus) and urethra.

A

vestibule

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13
Q

secrete lubricating mucus from small ducts during sexual arousal. They are located either side of the vaginal orifice.

A

Bartholin’s glands

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14
Q

Clitoris – located under the clitoral hood. It is formed of

A

erectile corpora cavernosa tissue

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15
Q

Clitoris

Embryologically derived from the

A

genital tubercle

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16
Q

The Bartholin’s glands (also known as the greater vestibular glands) can become infected and inflamed – known as

A

bartholinitis

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17
Q

bartholinitis

tx

A

antibiotics

cyst or abscess - surgical drainage or excision of the lesion

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18
Q

arterial supply to the vulva is from the

A

paired internal and external pudendal arteries (branches of the internal iliac artery and femoral artery, respectively).

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19
Q

Vulva

Lymph drains to the nearby

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

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20
Q

Venous drainage of vulva is achieved via

A

pudendal veins, with smaller labial veins contributing as tributaries.

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21
Q

Innervation

vulva

A

sensory -

Anterior – ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Posterior – pudendal nerve, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh.

clitoris and the vestibule also receive parasympathetic innervation from the cavernous nerves – derived from the uterovaginal plexus

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22
Q

Genital warts are benign growths of epithelium caused by

A

HPV types, such as 6 & 11.

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23
Q

HPV associated with cancerous lesions

A

type 16 and 18

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24
Q

It is a distensible muscular tube which extends posterosuperiorly from the external vaginal orifice to the cervix.

A

vagina

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25
Q

vagina has several roles in female reproductive system

A

Sexual intercourse – receives the penis and ejaculate, assisting in its transport to the uterus.
Childbirth – expands to provide a channel for delivery of a newborn from the uterus.
Menstruation – serves as a canal for menstrual fluid and tissue to leave the body.

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26
Q

is important as it acts like a natural reservoir for semen after intravaginal ejaculation

A

posterior fornix

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27
Q

vagina is composed of four histological layers (internal to external):

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Elastic lamina propria
  3. Fibromuscular layer
  4. Adventitia
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28
Q

this layer of vagina provides protection and is lubricated by cervical mucus (the vagina itself does not contain any glands).

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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29
Q

a dense connective tissue layer of vagina which projects papillae into the overlying epithelium. The larger veins are located here.

A

elastic lamina propria

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30
Q

vagina

Fibromuscular layer – comprising two layers of smooth muscle:

A

an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer.

ICOL

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31
Q

The arterial supply to the vagina is via the uterine and vaginal arteries – both branches of the

A

internal iliac artery.

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32
Q

Venous return is by the vaginal venous plexus, which drains into the

A

internal iliac veins via the uterine vein.

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33
Q

Lymphatic drainage of vagina

A

Superior – drains to external iliac nodes
Middle – drains to internal iliac nodes
Inferior – drains to superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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34
Q

Innervation of vagina

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves arise from the uterovaginal nerve plexus (in turn a subsidiary of the inferior hypogastric plexus).

inferior 1/5 of the vagina receives somatic innervation. This is via a branch of the pudendal nerve, the deep perineal nerve.

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35
Q

is an open communication between the vagina and one of the adjacent pelvic organs.

A

vaginal fistula

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36
Q

vagina fistula

common cause

A

prolonged labor

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37
Q

three main types of vaginal fistulae:

A

Vesicovaginal – abnormal communication with the bladder. Urine enters the vagina.
Urethrovaginal – abnormal communication with the urethra. Urine only enters the vagina during urination.
Rectovaginal – abnormal communication with the rectum. Faecal matter can enter the vagina.

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38
Q

is the lower portion of the uterus, an organ of the female reproductive tract.

A

cervix

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39
Q

The cervix is composed of two regions;

A

ectocervix

endocervix

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40
Q

is the portion of the cervix that projects into the vagina.

A

ectocervix

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41
Q

ectocervix lined by

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.

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42
Q

marks the transition from the ectocervix to the endocervical canal.

A

external os

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43
Q

more proximal, and ‘inner’ part of the cervix.

A

endocervical canal (or endocervix)

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44
Q

lining of endocervical canal (or endocervix)

A

mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium

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45
Q

endocervical canal ends, and the uterine cavity begins, at a narrowing called

A

internal os

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46
Q

cervix performs two main functions:

A
  1. facilitates the passage of sperm into the uterine cavity

2. Maintains sterility of the upper female reproductive tract.

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47
Q

The blood supply to the uterus is via the

A

uterine artery.

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48
Q

venous drainage of uterus

A

plexus in the broad ligament that drains into the uterine veins

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49
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the uterus is via the

A

iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes.

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50
Q

hronic inflammation and infection of the cervix

A

cervicitis

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51
Q

Cervicitis is chronic inflammation and infection of the cervix, most commonly caused by

A

Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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52
Q

Complications of cervicitis

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

infertility

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53
Q

two main classifications of cervical cancer:

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

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54
Q

cancer of the epithelial lining of the ectocervix.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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55
Q

are components of the reproductive tract that mature during puberty under the influence of sex hormones produced from primary sex organs (the ovaries in females and the testes in males).

A

secondary sex organ

56
Q

parts of the uterus

A

fundus
body
cervix

57
Q

UTERUS - it can be described as ______ with respect to the vagina, and ______ with respect to the cervix

A

UTERUS - it can be described as anteverted with respect to the vagina, and anteflexed with respect to the cervix

58
Q

However, the retroverted uterus is positioned directly above the vagina. Thus in instances of increased abdominal pressure

A

uterus is more likely to prolapse into the vagina.

59
Q

fundus and body of the uterus are composed of three tissue layer

A

Peritoneum

Myometrium

Endometrium

60
Q

a double layered membrane, continuous with the abdominal peritoneum. Also known as the perimetrium.

A

Peritoneum

61
Q

thick smooth muscle layer. Cells of this layer undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy in preparation to expel the fetus at birth.

A

Myometrium

62
Q

inner mucous membrane lining the uterus

A

Endometrium

63
Q

Endometrium – inner mucous membrane lining the uterus. It can be further subdivided into 2 parts:

A

Deep stratum basalis:

Superficial stratum functionalis

64
Q

layer of endometrium Changes little throughout the menstrual cycle and is not shed at menstruation.

A

Deep stratum basalis

65
Q

Superficial stratum functionalis: Proliferates in response to

A

estrogens

66
Q

Superficial stratum functionalis- becomes secretory in response to

A

progesterone

67
Q

ligaments securing the uterus in place.

A

Broad Ligament

Round Ligament

Ovarian Ligament

Cardinal Ligament

Uterosacral Ligament

68
Q

This is a double layer of peritoneum attaching the sides of the uterus to the pelvis.

A

Broad Ligament

69
Q

It acts as a mesentery for the uterus and contributes to maintaining it in position.

A

Broad Ligament

70
Q

A remnant of the gubernaculum extending from the uterine horns to the labia majora via the inguinal canal.

A

Round Ligament

71
Q

It functions to maintain the anteverted position of the uterus.

A

Round Ligament

72
Q

this logament Joins the ovaries to the uterus.

A

Ovarian Ligament

73
Q

this ligament contains the uterine artery and vein in addition to providing support to the uterus.

A

Cardinal Ligament

74
Q

this ligament extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls

Located at the base of the broad ligament

A

Cardinal Ligament

75
Q

this ligament Extends from the cervix to the sacrum. It provides support to the uterus.

A

Uterosacral Ligament

76
Q

blood supply to the uterus is via the

A

uterine artery

77
Q

The uterine artery crosses the ureters approximately 1 cm laterally to the

A

internal os.

78
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibres of the uterus arise from the

A

uterovaginal plexus. -largely comprises the anterior and intermediate parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus (T10-T12 and L1 nerve fibres)

Parasympathetic fibres of the uterus are derived from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4).

79
Q

is the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue at sites outside the uterus, most commonly the ovaries and the ligaments of the uterus.

A

Endometriosis

80
Q

are benign tumours of the myometrium which affect 20% of menopausal women. They are oestrogen dependent, enlarging during pregnancy and with use of the contraceptive pill but regressing after the menopause

A

Fibroids

81
Q

is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract, most often found during, or after, the menopause, and characterised by abnormal uterine bleeding.

A

Endometrial carcinoma

82
Q

are muscular ‘J-shaped’ tubes, found in the female reproductive tract.

A

uterine tubes (or fallopian tubes, oviducts, salpinx)

83
Q

ultra-structure of the uterine tubes facilitates the movement of the female gamete:

A

inner mucosa is lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells and peg cells (non-ciliated secretory cells).

Smooth muscle layer contracts to assist with transportation of the ova and sperm

84
Q

fallopian tubes

peristalsis is greatest when

A

oestrogen levels are high.

85
Q

fallopian tube is described as having four parts (lateral to medial);

A

Fimbriae – finger-like, ciliated projections which capture the ovum from the surface of the ovary.
Infundibulum – funnel-shaped opening near the ovary to which fimbriae are attached.
Ampulla – widest section of the uterine tubes. Fertilization usually occurs here.
Isthmus – narrow section of the uterine tubes connecting the ampulla to the uterine cavity.

86
Q

The arterial supply to the uterine tubes and venous drainage

A

uterine and ovarian arteries. Venous drainage is via the uterine and ovarian veins.

87
Q

Lymphatic drainage

uterine tubes

A

iliac, sacral and aortic lymph nodes.

88
Q

uterine tubes Innervation

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation via nerve fibres from the ovarian and uterine (pelvic) plexuses. Sensory afferent fibres run from T11- L1.

89
Q

is inflammation of the uterine tubes that is usually caused by bacterial infection. It can cause adhesions of the mucosa which may partially or completely block the lumen of the uterine tubes

A

Salpingitis

90
Q

salpingitis

can potentially result in

A

infertility

ectopic pregnancy

91
Q

In both the males and females, the gonads develop within the

A

mesonephric ridge

92
Q

The ovaries are paired, oval organs attached to the posterior surface of the broad ligament of the uterus by the

A

mesovarium (a fold of peritoneum, continuous with the outer surface of the ovaries).

93
Q

Neurovascular structures enter the hilum of the ovary via

A

mesovarium

94
Q

main functions of the ovaries are

A

To produce oocytes (female gametes) in preparation for fertilisation.

To produce the sex steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, in response to pituitary gonadotrophins (LH and FSH).

95
Q

Components of the Ovary

A

surface
cortex
medulla

96
Q

component of ovary formed by simple cuboidal epithelium (known as germinal epithelium).

A

surface

97
Q

component of ovary comprised of a connective tissue stroma and numerous ovarian follicles. Each follicle contains an oocyte, surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells.

A

cortex

98
Q

formed by loose connective tissue and a rich neurovascular network, which enters via the hilum of the ovary.

A

medulla

99
Q

are fluid-filled masses that may develop in the ovary. They are most commonly derived from ovarian follicles, reaching approximately 2-2.5 cm.

A

ovarian cysts

100
Q

Most ovarian cysts are

a. benign
b. malignant

A

a. benign

101
Q

are characterized by hormone dysfunction and multiple (over 10) ovarian cysts. It is associated with infertility.

A

Polycystic ovaries

102
Q

The most common cancers of the ovaries arise from

A

epithelial components or germ cells

103
Q

90% of ovarian cancers are derived from epithelium, these are termed

A

ovarian adenocarcinomas.

104
Q

tumours which comprise cells from all 3 germ cell layers and are usually benign.

A

teratomas

105
Q

Two peritoneal ligaments attach to the ovary;

A

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Ligament of ovary

106
Q

this ligament is a fold of peritoneum extending from the mesovarium to the pelvic wall. Contains neurovascular structures.

A

Suspensory ligament of ovary

107
Q

extends from the ovary to the fundus of the uterus. It then continues from the uterus to the connective tissue of the labium majus, as the round ligament of uterus.

A

ligament of ovary

108
Q

The main arterial supply to the ovary is via the

A
  • ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta (inferior the renal arteries)
  • uterine arteries
109
Q

venous drainage of ovaries

A

ovarian veins. The left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein, and the right ovarian vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.

110
Q

innervation of the ovaries

A

receive sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation from the ovarian and uterine (pelvic) plexuses

111
Q

The nerves reach the ovaries via the ____ to enter the ovary at the hilum.

A

suspensory ligament of the ovary

112
Q

ligaments of the female reproductive tract can be divided into three categories:

A

Broad ligament
uteirne ligaments
ovarian ligaments

113
Q

flat sheet of peritoneum, associated with the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It extends from the lateral pelvic walls on both sides, and folds over the internal female genitalia, covering their surface anteriorly and posteriorly.

A

broad ligament

114
Q

Anatomically, the broad ligament can be divided into three regions:

A

mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx

115
Q

Surrounds the uterus and is the largest subsection of the broad ligament. I

A

mesometrium

116
Q

Part of the broad ligament associated with the ovaries. It projects from the posterior surface of the broad ligament and attaches to the hilum of the ovary, enclosing its neurovascular supply. It does not, however, cover the surface of the ovary itself.

A

Mesovarium

117
Q

this ligament runs laterally to cover the external iliac vessels, forming a distinct fold over them.

A

Mesometrium

118
Q

this region of the broad ligament also encloses the proximal part of the round ligament of the uterus.

A

Mesometrium

119
Q

this region of broad ligament originates superiorly to the mesovarium, enclosing the fallopian tubes.

A

Mesosalpinx

120
Q

Three other ligaments of the female reproductive tract are located within the broad ligament:

A

Ovarian ligament.
Round ligament of uterus.
Suspensory ligament of ovary (also known as the infundibulopelvic ligament).

121
Q

There are a number of ligamentous structures that attach to the uterus. They can be divided by where they attach to the uterus:

A

Superior aspect – supported by the broad ligament and the round ligaments.
Middle aspect – supported by the cardinal, pubocervical and uterosacral ligaments.

The inferior aspect of uterus is supported by the structures in the pelvic floor – the levator ani, perineal membrane and perineal body.

122
Q

a remnant of the embryonic gubernaculum

A

Round Ligament

123
Q

this ligament originates at the uterine horns (the points at which the fallopian tubes enter the uterus), and attaches to the labia majora, passing through the inguinal canal.

A

round ligament

124
Q

this ligament can be a source of pain during pregnancy, due to the increased force placed on the ligament by the expanding uterus.

A

round ligament

125
Q

The cardinal ligaments are also known as the

A

lateral, transverse cervical, or Mackenrodt’s ligaments.

126
Q

these ligaments is situated along the inferior border of the broad ligament and house the uterine artery and uterine veins.

A

Cardinal Ligaments

127
Q

These ligaments arise from the side of the cervix and the lateral fornix of the vagina. They provide an extensive attachment on the lateral pelvic wall at the level of the ischial spines.

A

cardinal ligaments

128
Q

Some fibres of the cardinal ligaments interdigitate with fibres from the

A

uterosacral ligaments.

129
Q

When a hysterectomy is being performed due to a malignancy, these ligaments are often removed as they are common reservoir of cancerous cells.

A

cardinal ligaments

130
Q

ligaments are bilateral structures, which attach the cervix to the posterior surface of the pubic symphysis. They function to support the uterus within the pelvic cavity.

A

Pubocervical Ligaments

131
Q

are also bilateral fibrous bands, which attach the cervix to the sacrum.

A

uterosacral ligaments

132
Q

They are also known as the recto-uterine ligaments or sacrocervical ligaments. This supports the uterus and holds it in place

A

uterosacral ligaments

133
Q

thin fibrous covering of the ovaries

A

tunica albuginea

134
Q

the widest part of the fallopian tubes

A

ampulla

135
Q

represents the remains of the UPPER part of the gubernculum; connects the lateral margin of the uterus to the ovary

A

round ligament of ovary

136
Q

remains of the lower part of the gubernculum
extends between superlateral angle of the uterus through deep inguinal ring and inguinal canal to the subcutaneous tissue of the labia majora

A

round ligament of the uterus

Anatomy Topnotch (26 decks)

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