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Anatomy Topnotch > 15. Male reproductive system > Flashcards

15. Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

male genital organs

A 
testes 
epididymis 
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct 
seminal vesicles 
prostate
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2
Q

testis is surrounded by this fibrous capsule

A

tunica albuginea

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3
Q

this testis lies lower than the other side

A

left testis

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4
Q

posterior to the testis is this structure, vas deferens on its medial side

A

epiidymis

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5
Q

epididymis ave legnth

A

6 m long

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6
Q

storage and maturation of sperm cells

A

epididymis

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7
Q

blood supply/ venous drainage of epididymis

A

testicular a./v.

cremasteric artery (from inferior epigastric artery)

artery from vas deferens (from inferior vesical artery)

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8
Q

lymphatic drainage of epididymis

A

lumbar

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9
Q

testes near the deep inguinal ring

A

4th fetal month

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10
Q

testes within the deep inguinal ring

A

7th fetal month

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11
Q

descent into the scrotum from the deep inguinal ring

A

next few days to weeks after 7th fetal month

cotro

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12
Q

crytotorchid testis most likely location

A

inguinal canal

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13
Q

cryptorchidism occurs in __% o premature males

A

30%

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14
Q

thick walled muscular tube that transports spematozoa from epididymis to urethra

A

vas deferens

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15
Q

approx. length of vas deferens

A

45 cm long

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16
Q

path of vas deferens

A

from lower end of the epididymis–> inguinal canal –> crosses ureter to reach posterior bladder –> expands forming ampulla –> joins seminal vesicle –> ejaculatory duct

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17
Q

union of ampulla of vas deferens and duct of seminal vesices

A

ejaculatory duct

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18
Q

length of ejaculatory duct

A

<1 in

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19
Q

pierce the posterior surface of the prostate and opens into prostatic urethra

A

ejaculatory duct

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20
Q

alkaline phosphatase of semen is from

A

prostatic gland

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21
Q

testes are suspendedfrom the abdomen by the

A

spermatic cord

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22
Q

The testes have an ellipsoid shape. They consist of a series of lobules, each containing

A

seminiferos tubules

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23
Q

The seminiferous tubules are lined by

A

sertoli cells

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24
Q

fx of sertoli cells

A

aid the maturation process of the spermatozoa

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25
Q

In the interstitial tissue lie _____the that are responsible for testosterone production.

A

Leydig cells

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26
Q

Spermatozoa are produced in the

A

seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

The developing sperm travels through the tubules, collecting in the

A

rete testes

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28
Q

transport the sperm from the rete testes to the epididymis for storage and maturation.

A

efferent tubules

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29
Q

closed sac of parietal peritoneal origin that contains a small amount of viscous fluid
covering the testes

A

tunica vaginalis

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30
Q

penetrates into the parenchyma of each testicle with diaphragms, dividing it into lobules.

A

tunica albuginea

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31
Q

The most proximal part of the epididymis. It is formed by the efferent tubules of the testes, which transport sperm from the testes to the epididymis.

A

head

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32
Q

Formed by the heavily coiled duct of the epididymis.

A

body

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33
Q

The most distal part of the epididymis. It marks the origin of the vas deferens, which transports sperm to the prostatic portion of the urethra for ejaculation.

A

tail

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34
Q

give anastomoses to the main testicular artery.

A

cremasteric artery (from inferior epigastric artery)

artery from vas deferens (from inferior vesical artery)

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35
Q

Venous drainage is achieved via the paired testicular veins. They are formed from the

A

pampiniform plexus in the scrotum

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36
Q

left testicular vein drains into the

A

left renal vein

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37
Q

right testicular vein

drains

A

IVC

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38
Q

Since the testes are originally retroperitoneal organs, the lymphatic drainage is to the

A

lumbar and para-aortic nodes, along the lumbar vertebrae.

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39
Q

scrotum- lymph drains into the nearby

A

superficial inguinal nodes.

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40
Q

causes of scrotal swelling

A
  1. inguinal hernia
  2. hydrocele
  3. hematocele
  4. varicocele
  5. epididymitis
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41
Q

a collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis.

A

hydrocele

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42
Q

congenital form of hydrocele is most commonly due to

A

failure of the processus vaginalis to close

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43
Q

adult hydrocele is often associated with

A

inflammation or trauma and rarely, testicular tumors.

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44
Q

a collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis.

A

hematocele

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45
Q

hematocele is distinguished from hydrocele by

A

transillumination (where a light is applied to the testicular swelling). Due to the dense nature of blood, light is unable to pass through.

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46
Q

gross dilation of the veins draining the testes.

A

varicocele

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47
Q

which testes is more commonly affected by varicocele

A

The left testicle is more commonly affected, as the left testicular vein is longer and drains into the left renal vein at a perpendicular angle.

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48
Q

can look and feel like a “bag of worms” within the scrotum

A

large varicocele

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49
Q

Varicocoele is quite common in the general population; its prevalence is estimated at

A

15-25%

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50
Q

inflammation of the epididymis, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection

A

epididymitis

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51
Q

fibromuscular cutaneous sac, located between the penis and anus. It is dual-chambered, forming an expansion of the perineum.

A

scrotum

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52
Q

Embryologically, the scrotum is derived from the paired genital swellings. During development, the genital swellings fuse in the midline – in the adult this fusion is marked by the

A

scrotal raphe

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53
Q

scrotum is biologically homologous to the

A

labia majora

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54
Q

is a sheet of smooth muscle, situated immediately underneath the skin of the scrotum

A

dartos muscle

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55
Q

scrotum receives arterial supply from

A

anterior and posterior scrotal arteries

anterior scrotal artery arises from the external pudendal artery, while the posterior is derived from the internal pudendal artery.

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56
Q

nerves supplying the scrotum

A

Anterior and anterolateral aspect – Anterior scrotal nerves derived from the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve

Posterior aspect – Posterior scrotal nerves derived from the perineal branches of the pudendal nerve and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.

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57
Q

The lymphatic fluid from the scrotum drains to the nearby

A

superficial inguinal nodes.

58
Q

refers to a collection of vessels, nerves and ducts that run to and from the testes. They are surrounded by fascia, forming a cord-like structure.

A

spermatic cord

59
Q

The spermatic cord is formed at the opening of the inguinal canal, known as

A

deep inguinal ring

60
Q

deep inguinal ring is located laterally to these vessels

A

inferior epigastric vessels

61
Q

The cord passes through the inguinal canal, entering the scrotum via the

A

superficial inguinal ring

62
Q

The contents of the spermatic cord are mainly bound together by three fascial layers and their derivations from the anterior abdominal wall:

A

External spermatic fascia – derived from deep subcutaneous fascia (fascia innominata).
Cremaster muscle and fascia – derived from the internal oblique muscle and its fascial coverings.
Internal spermatic fascia – derived from the transversalis fascia

63
Q

The three fascial layers themselves are covered by a layer of

A

superficial fascia

64
Q

forms the middle layer of the spermatic cord fascia. It is a discontinuous layer of striated muscle that is orientated longitudinally.

A

cremaster muscle

65
Q

The cremasteric reflex can be stimulated by stroking the

A

superior and medial part of the thigh.

66
Q

This produces an immediate contraction of the cremaster muscle, elevating the testis on the side that has been stimulated.

A

cremasteric reflex

67
Q

nerve that supplies the cremaster muscle.

A

Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

68
Q

network of veins, responsible for the venous drainage of the testes. It has a unique configuration, wrapping itself around the testicular artery

A

pampiniform plexus

69
Q

acts as a heat exchanger, cooling the arterial blood before it reaches the testes.

A

pampiniform plexus

70
Q

The wall of the vas deferens consists largely of smooth muscle, arranged in three muscle layers:

A

inner layer : longitudinal smooth muscle
intermediate layer - circular smooth m.
outer- longitudinal s.m.

71
Q

movement is also facilitated by the inner mucosal layer of the vas deferens – which is lined by cells that possess

A

microvilli

72
Q

anatomical course of the vas deferens is as follows:

A

It is continuous with the tail of the epididymis.
Travels through the inguinal canal, as part of the spermatic cord.
Moves down the lateral pelvic wall close to the ischial spine.
Turns medially to pass between the bladder and the ureter and then travels downward on the posterior surface of the bladder.
The inferior narrow part of the ampulla joins the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

73
Q

is a surgical emergency, where the spermatic cord twists upon itself. This can lead to strangulation of the testicular artery, resulting in necrosis of the testes.

A

testicular torsion

74
Q

A common cause of testicular torsion is spasm of the

A

cremasteric muscle fibers

75
Q

diagnosis of testicular torsion can be confirmed

A

ultrasound and colour doppler scanning.

76
Q

The main clinical feature of testicular torsion

A

severe, sudden pain in the affected testis which usually lies higher (due to the torsion of the cord) in the scrotum.

77
Q

bulbourethral glands also known as

A

Cowper’s glands

78
Q

are a pair of pea shaped exocrine glands located posterolateral to the membranous urethra.

A

Cowper’s glands

79
Q

contribute to the final volume of semen by producing a lubricating mucus secretion.

A

Cowper’s glands

80
Q

the largest accessory gland in the male reproductive system.

A

prostate

81
Q

act to break down clotting factors in the ejaculate.

A

proteolytic enzymes

82
Q

This allows the semen to remain in a fluid state, moving throughout the female reproductive tract for potential fertilisation.

A

proteolytic enzymes

83
Q

prostate is positioned inferiorly to the neck of the bladder and superiorly to this structure

A

external urethral sphincter

84
Q

Most importantly, posteriorly to the prostate lies the

A

ampulla of the rectum

85
Q

The proteolytic enzymes leave the prostate via the

A

prostatic ducts

86
Q

prostatic ducts - open into the prostatic portion of the urethra, through 10-12 openings at each side of the

A

seminal colliculus (or verumontanum)

87
Q

three zones of the prostate

A

central zone
transitional zone
peripheral zone

88
Q

surrounds the ejaculatory ducts, comprising approximately 25% of normal prostate volume.

A

central zone

89
Q

The ducts of the glands from the ____ zone are obliquely emptying in the prostatic urethra, thus being rather immune to urine reflux.

A

central

90
Q

located centrally and surrounds the urethra, comprising approximately 5-10% of normal prostate volume.

A

transitional zone

91
Q

The glands of the _____ are those that typically undergo benign hyperplasia (BPH)

A

transitional zone

92
Q

makes up the main body of the gland (approximately 65%) and is located posteriorly.

A

peripheral zone

93
Q

The ducts of the glands from the peripheral zone are ____ emptying in the prostatic urethra; that may explain the tendency of these glands to permit urine reflux.

A

vertically

94
Q

high incidence of acute and chronic inflammation found in these compartment of the prostate

A

peripheral zone

95
Q

high incidence of prostate carcinoma at this zone.

A

peripheral zone

96
Q

the fourth zone of the prostate

A

fibromuscular stroma

97
Q

arterial supply to the prostate comes from

A

prostatic arteries, which are mainly derived from the internal iliac arteries

98
Q

Venous drainage of the prostate is via the

A

prostatic venous plexus (draining into the internal iliac veins)

99
Q

prostatic venous plexus also connects posteriorly by networks of veins, including the

A

Batson venous plexus, to the internal vertebral venous plexus.

100
Q

prostate receives sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory innervation from the

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

101
Q

The smooth muscle of the prostate gland is innervated by sympathetic fibres, which activate during

A

ejaculation

102
Q

represents the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, especially in countries with high sociodemographic index.

A

Prostatic carcinoma

103
Q

The malignant prostatic cells commonly originate from this zone

A

peripheral zone

104
Q

Prostate carcinoma also commonly spreads via the ____to the vertebral bodies and cause skeletal metastases.

A

Batson venous plexus

105
Q

However, due to the peripherally-advancing tumor, symptoms may be

A

minimal

106
Q

is an enzyme (serine protease) secreted by the prostatic epithelium that aids the liquification of the ejaculate by lysing seminal vesicle proteins.

A

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

107
Q

the main clinical use of PSA

A

tumor marker specific for prostate carcinoma.

108
Q

these may also increase the PSA levels in the serum:

A

inflammation, severe constipation, extended sexual intercourse or catheterisation

109
Q

inverted pyramid the size of a walnut

A

prostate

110
Q

Base of prostate located

A

inferior to the neck of bladder

111
Q

apex of the prostate lies

A

on the sphincter urethra

112
Q

BPH commonly occurs at this site

A

periurethral zone of the prostate

113
Q

adenocarcinoma of prostate

lab results

A

elevated
prostatic acid phosphatase
prostate specific antigen

114
Q

They contribute to the final volume of semen by producing a lubricating mucus secretion.

A

bulbourethral glands (also known as Cowper’s glands)

115
Q

bulbourethral glands can be found in this layer

A

deep perineal pouch

116
Q

Cowper’s glands themselves can be described as compound tubulo-alveolar glands lined by

A

columnar epithelium

117
Q

Embryologically the bulbourethral glands are derived from the

A

urogenital sinus

•along with the bladder, prostate and urethra

118
Q

cowper’s glands , bladder, prostate and urethra

development are greatly influenced by

A

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

119
Q

During sexual arousal, the bulbourethral glands produce a mucus secretion containing

A

glycoproteins

120
Q

three purposes of glycoproteins secreted by bulbourethral glands

A

Serves as lubrication medium for the urethra and the tip of the penis.
Expels any residue of urine, dead cells or mucous through the urethral meatus, preparing a clean and lubricated pathway for ejaculation.
Helps to neutralise residual acidity in the male urethra (secretions are alkaline).

121
Q

spermatozoa in body temperature survive for more than

A

48 hours

122
Q

The arterial supply of the bulbourethral glands is derived from the

A

arteries to the bulb of the penis

123
Q

innervation of bulbourethral glands

A 
pelvic ganglia (PG), sympathetic chain ganglia (L2–S3), the caudal mesenteric ganglion and dorsal root ganglia (L1–L3, S1–S3); 
via hypogastric nerve and the pelvic nerve or pelvic branch of the pudendal nerve.
124
Q

Like the seminal vesicles the bulbourethral glands drain into the

A

internal and external iliac lymph nodes

125
Q

ultimately provide around 70% of the total volume of semen.

A

seminal vesicles

126
Q

glands located between the bladder fundus and the rectum (separated from the latter by the rectovesicle pouch and the rectoprostatic fascia).

A

seminal glands

127
Q

seminal gland - has a honeycombed, lobulated structure with a mucosa lined by

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

128
Q

seminal glands lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

These columnar cells are influenced by

A

testosterone

129
Q

Seminal glands, along with the Ejaculatory ducts, Epididymis and Ductus (vas) deferens, are derived from the

A

mesonephric ducts

130
Q

the fluids from the _____are included in the late ejaculate fractions.

A

seminal vesicles

131
Q

neutralises the acidity of the male urethra and vagina in order to facilitate the survival of spermatozoa.

A

Alkaline fluid

132
Q

have a role in suppressing the female immune response to foreign semen.

A

Prostaglandins

133
Q

designed to keep semen in the female reproductive tract post-ejaculation.

A

Clotting factors

134
Q

arteries to the seminal gland are derived from

A

inferior vesicle, internal pudendal and middle rectal arteries, all of which stem from the internal iliac artery.

135
Q

The innervation of the seminal gland, like much of the male internal genitalia, is mainly

A

sympathetic

Point and Shoot

136
Q

lymphatic drainage of the seminal gland is the

A

external and internal iliac lymph nodes.

137
Q

Inflammation of the seminal vesicles

A

vesiculitis or spermatocystitis

138
Q

vague perineal or penile pain, discomfort during ejaculation and haemospermia (blood in the ejaculate) are suggestive of

A

vesiculitis or spermatocystitis

139
Q

In rare cases, obstruction of the seminal vesicle duct may lead to abscess formation.
tx

A

paracentesis

which may be facilitated by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided aspiration.

140
Q

A laboratory investigation of ____ in a sperm specimen may provide indirect evidence of seminal vesicle dysfunction, obstruction or congenital absence

A

fructose levels

Anatomy Topnotch (26 decks)

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