16. Urinary System Flashcards
How much urine is collected in the bladder when a person starts to feel the urge to urinate?
200-400 mL
the opening at the end of the urethra
meatus
list 4 normal age-related changes for the urinary system
- kidneys don’t filter blood as efficiently
- bladder muscle tone weakens
- bladder holds less urine (urinary frequency)
- bladder may not empty completely (increased chance of infection)
Describe urines normal appearance
light, pale yellow, or amber in color; should be clear or transparent with a faint odor
T/F - If urine is cloudy when freshly voided or after standing for a while, it is a sign of infection
False - sign of infection if cloudy when freshly voided; normal after standing for a while
How much urine does a person produce per day?
1200-1500 mL
What is the best position for men/women to urinate?
- women: sitting
- men: standing
What position should be avoided when urinating and why?
supine position b/c it doesn’t put pressure on the bladder and works against gravity
What types of drinks increase urine production?
alcoholic beverages and caffeinated beverages
What bacteria is normally found in the GI tract, but if it moves from the anus to the urethra/bladder, can cause a UTI
E. coli
Sx of UTI
dysuria (pain or burning), blood in the urine (hematuria), urinary frequency, urinary urgency
condition in which kidneys can’t effectively filter waste products from the blood; worsens over time and waste products and fluid accumulate in the body
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
What can cause CRF?
- DM
- HTN
- chronic UTIs
- nephritis
- some medications (certain analgesics)
artificial means of removing the body’s waste products when a person’s kidneys are no longer able to do this
dialysis
occurs when the kidneys have failed and dialysis or transplantation is required to sustain life
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
What is the most common cause of ESRD?
diabetes
What is the most common cause of urinary retention in men?
enlargement of the prostate gland (BPH)
Obesity increases the risk for what 3 disorders?
- stress incontinence
- UTIs
- cancers of the kidney and prostate
T/F - Incontinence is a normal part of aging
False
loss of urine due to increase in intra-ABD pressure; may be caused by sneezing, laughing, or coughing
stress incontinence
involuntary voiding due to an abrupt urge to void
urge incontinence
sx of both urge and stress incontinence are present in this
mixed incontinence
urine loss caused by environmental, cognitive, or physical reasons
functional incontinence
incontinence due to overflow or over-distention of the bladder
overflow incontinence
