7- Groups and Performance Flashcards

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1
Q

How is performance decreased in presence of others according to Allport?

A

People could get nervous/worried

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2
Q

How is performance increased in the presence of others according to Allport?

A

People could rise to the occasion

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3
Q

What did Triplett find?

A

People cycle faster when pacing with others than when alone

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4
Q

What does social facilitation suggest?

A

Improvement in performance of well-learned or easy tasks could be due to mere presence of members of same species

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5
Q

How do co-actors influences social facilitation?

A

They are doing the same thing but not interacting

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6
Q

How does a passive audience influence social facilitation?

A

They are passively watching

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7
Q

Who came up with drive theory?

A

Zajonc, 1965

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8
Q

What does drive theory explain?

A

What determines whether social presence facilitates or inhibits performance

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9
Q

How does drive theory suggest arousal is increased?

A

As we become alert when others are around

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10
Q

What can arousal increase according to drive theory?

A

Our likelihood to perform our dominant response

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11
Q

Who came up with evaluation apprehension theory?

A

Cottrell, 1972

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12
Q

What is the key idea of evaluation apprehension theory?

A

Mere presence isn’t sufficient to produce drive

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13
Q

What are social rewards and punishments based on according to evaluation apprehension theory?

A

Based on others’ evaluations of us

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14
Q

What does social presence produce according to evaluation apprehension theory?

A

Produces a drive based on evaluation apprehension

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15
Q

Who supports evaluation apprehension theory?

A

Cottrell et al, 1968

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16
Q

What was Cottrell et al’s research?

A

Participants performed 3 well-learned tasks in front of 3 types of audiences

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17
Q

What were the 3 audiences in Cottrell et al’s research?

A

Inattentive audience (blindfolded)
Merely present audience
Attentive audience

18
Q

Did each of Cottrell et al’s audiences produce social facilitation?

A

Only the attentive audience

19
Q

Who contrasted Cottrell et al’s research?

A

Schmitt et al, 1986

20
Q

What was Schmitt et al’s research?

A

Participants performed an easy task, then a difficult one in front of 3 different types of audiences

21
Q

What were the 3 audiences in Schmitt et al’s research?

A

No audience (alone condition)
Inattentive audience (mere presence condition)
Attentive audience (evaluation apprehension condition)

22
Q

What were the results of Schmitt et al’s research?

A
  • Less time taken on easy task for all conditions- least time taken on evaluation apprehension condition
  • More time taken on difficult task for all conditions- most on mere presence condition, least on alone condition
23
Q

Who came up with the distraction-conflict theory?

A

Sanders, 1981

24
Q

What are people in distraction-conflict theory?

A

A source of distraction

25
Q

What does mere presence produce according to distraction-conflict theory?

A

Conflict between attending to the task and attending to the audience/co-actors

26
Q

What does attentional conflict produce (distraction-conflict theory)?

A

Drive that facilitates dominant responses

27
Q

What is the impact of attentional conflict theory on difficult task?

A

Impair performance

28
Q

What is the impact of attentional conflict on easy tasks?

A

Improve performance

29
Q

What does the Ringelmann effect suggest?

A

Individual effort on a task diminishes as group size increases

30
Q

What are the two reasons suggested for the Ringelmann effect?

A

Coordination loss and motivation loss

31
Q

Why could people not attain full potential according to coordination loss?

A

Due to jostling, distraction, and the tendency to pull slightly against one another

32
Q

What can be the impact of coordination loss?

A

Can decrease individual effort

33
Q

Why might people not try as hard according to motivation loss?

A

They were less motivated

34
Q

What is the problem with the motivation loss explanation?

A

Cannot identify a specific person at fault

35
Q

Who investigated the Ringelmann effect?

A

Ingham et al, 1974

36
Q

How did Ingham et al investigate the Ringelmann effect?

A

Participants pulled on a rope- either real groups or pseudo-groups (only 1 true participant)

37
Q

What happened in Ingham et al’s pseudo-groups?

A

Confederates weren’t actually pulling on the rope, led to an effort reduction due to motivation loss

38
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared with working either alone or coactively

39
Q

What are the 3 reasons why we loaf?

A

Output equity: we believe others loaf so want to maintain equity
Evaluation apprehension: we are anonymous and cannot be identified so no longer worry about being evaluated by others
Matching to standard: we don’t have a clear sense of the group’s standards or norms

40
Q

What 5 factors influence the tendency to loaf?

A
  1. Task attractiveness and competition- higher may cause us to work harder
  2. Task importance and anticipation of others poor performance- may want to work harder (social compensation effect)
  3. Salient group identity
  4. Presence of an outgroup
  5. Collectivistic cultures- place greater value on groups than on individuals
41
Q

What is the social compensation effect?

A

People may work harder on an important task to compensate for other group members’ actual, perceived or anticipated lack of effort or ability