2- Schemas and Categorisation

Question 1

How do we form impressions?

Answer 1

Based off very little information

Question 2

What are biases?

Answer 2

Errors when forming impressions

Question 3

What is information like in biases?

Answer 3

May be inaccurate but what we remember

Question 4

What is the primacy effect?

Answer 4

The first information/feature we noticed has the strongest impact

Question 5

What is the recency effect?

Answer 5

The last information we took in has the strongest impact

Question 6

Which effect is more common when forming biases?

Answer 6

Primacy

Question 7

What is the positivity and negativity effect?

Answer 7

We tend to form positive impressions, but negative info attracts our attention

Question 8

How does physical appearance impact on us forming impressions?

Answer 8

We think that physically attractive people are also good

Question 9

What are schemas?

Answer 9

Cognitive structures linking different cognitions

Question 10

What two things do schemas help us to do?

Answer 10

• Organise social information
• Fill in gaps

Question 11

What three things do schemas influence?

Answer 11

1. Attention
2. Encoding
3. Retrieval

Question 12

What are person schemas?

Answer 12

Person specific knowledge

Question 13

What are role schemas?

Answer 13

Knowledge about specific roles

Question 14

What are scripts?

Answer 14

Schemas about events

Question 15

What are content-free schemas?

Answer 15

General rules for processing information

Question 16

What are self-schemas?

Answer 16

Complex schemas about the self

Question 17

What does schema application require?

Answer 17

Categorisation

Question 18

What is categorisation?

Answer 18

The process of classifying some objects, events, people

Question 19

What are categories instead of rigid/fixed systems?

Answer 19

‘Fuzzy’ boundaries based on a prototype

Question 20

What is a prototype?

Answer 20

A cognitive representation defining attributes of a category

Question 21

How does our prototype help us categorise?

Answer 21

We look at if something matches with our prototype to see if it fits

Question 22

What is an associative network?

Answer 22

Nodes are connected by associative links along which cognitive activation is spread

Question 23

What do we do with information when we come across it?

Answer 23

Information spreads and links to other information

Question 24

How are categories organised in hierarchies?

Answer 24

Less inclusive at the top, more inclusive at the bottom

Question 25

Why do we categorise?

Answer 25

It’s a fast way to think without using too many resources- saves us time and cognitive processing

Question 26

What do categorisations reduce?

Answer 26

Uncertainty

Question 27

What do categorisation provide?

Answer 27

Norms for understanding ourselves in relation to others, and meaning

Question 28

What type of ability are schemas and categories associated with?

Answer 28

Innate

Question 29

What happens to schemas over time?

Answer 29

More resilient and more complex

Question 30

How do schemas become more organised over time?

Answer 30

We develop links between schemas

Question 31

What are the three processes by Rothbart to change schemas?

Answer 31

Bookkeeping, conversion, and subtyping

Question 32

What is bookkeeping?

Answer 32

We get schema inconsistent information, we store this and gradually change that schema

Question 33

What is conversion?

Answer 33

An abrupt change in the schema by a large amount of schema inconsistent information

Question 34

What is subtyping?

Answer 34

We form subtypes within categories