15. Ethnicity and Achievement: Internal Factors

Question 1

Who are the highest achievers at primary school level

Answer 1

black children, but they decline to the worst at GSCE level

Question 2

What do interactionalists believe?

Answer 2

the interactions that take place between pupils and teachers have an impact on the achievement on different ethnic groups

Question 3

What is labelling?

Answer 3

teachers give students a stereotype and they are then treated accordingly

Question 4

Which theorist researched labelling

Answer 4

Becker
some students are seen as the ideal pupil

Question 5

What did Mirza 1992 discover about labelling

Answer 5

some pupils develop coping strategies when faced with teacher racism and labelling

Question 6

Who are the highest primary school achievers?

Answer 6

black children 20% above average
lowest at GCSE- 21% below average

Question 7

Why is there a decline in achievement for black children at primary to GCSE?

Answer 7

by labelling students, they are likely to feed into this stereotype and the self fulfilling prophecy is how they turnout. if you call a child lazy, they are more likely to slack off and become ‘lazy’

Question 8

Who discovered Racialised Expectations?

Answer 8

Gillborn and Youdell 1990

Question 9

What did Gillborn and Youdell discover about Racialised expectations?

Answer 9

teachers were quicker to discipline black students than others for the same behaviour. expectations were based on black negative stereotypes. behaviour was misinterpreted as threatening

Question 10

What percent of students made up exclusions

Answer 10

85% black carribean boys made up exclusions

Question 11

What did the Guardian report in 2016?

Answer 11

black students were four times more likely to be suspended than white students and nearly twice as likely to be expelled

Question 12

How would black students react to racialised expectations placed upon them?

Answer 12

if retaliating, they may feed into the stereotype regardless of unfair treatment.
it’s easier to accept and then they come back stronger, even if they are in the wrong.

Question 13

How can racialised expectations lead to the failure of black students?

Answer 13

when disciplined, they miss out on valuable learning and growth, so it is limiting their in school time by labelling them and seeing these labels met.
all issues with behaviour are treated negatively by teachers

Question 14

How would you evaluate labelling theory?

Answer 14

dangers of seeing the stereotypes as a product of individual teacher prejudices, rather than racism in the way education operates a as whole.

Question 15

What did Wright believe about Gillbourn and Youdell

Answer 15

they ignore asian students, asian girls were often seen as passive and ignored in the class

Question 16

What does Fuller highlight?

Answer 16

how you can reject a label and not everyone is passive.
also labels change over time and community diversity can cause problems too.

Question 17

How many students excluded in 21/22 where eligible for FSM

Answer 17

59%
3829 students

Question 18

How many male students were excluded in 21/22

Answer 18

4677
72% male

Question 19

How many white students were excluded in 21/22

Answer 19

4997 white students
78%

Question 20

What are the three different types of labelling that can be applied?

Answer 20

Liberal Chauvnists
The Colour Blind
Overt Racists

Question 21

What are Liberal Chauvnists?

Answer 21

believe black students are culturally deprived and had low expectations of them.

Question 22

What are The Colour Blind?

Answer 22

saw no difference in ethnic groups and judged as individuals, but didn’t do anything to help students affecting racism, just by-standing to the real problems

Question 23

What are Overt Racists

Answer 23

black people were inferior and actively discriminated against them

Question 24

What other factors influence educational achievement, according to The Guardian?

Answer 24

Poverty, Special educational needs and ethnicity combined all impact children exclusions and attainment.

Question 25

How can you use articles by The Guardian to evaluate children's educational attainment?

Answer 25

They show both sides of the argument and how racism by teachers is not the whole reason why students feel harassed by it. Understand how racism in schools happen in the first place.

Question 26

What was Mary Fullers study about?

Answer 26

rejecting labels a group of black year 11 girls

Question 27

Why were Fuller's girls untypical?

Answer 27

Girls were high achievers in a school that placed black girls into low streams and sets

Question 28

How were the girls different to other high achievers?

Answer 28

wanted to take a stand against teacher racism did well academically but holt little concern else where

Question 29

How were the girls pro-education but anti-school?

Answer 29

they did well academically and did external exams but cared little about school routines and didn't want teacher approval

Question 30

How do pro-education anti-school attitudes help the girls?

Answer 30

stayed determined and had friends across all streams avoided boys who ridiculed and distracted them positive self change due to own efforts applied

Question 31

What was two key findings of Fuller's study?

Answer 31

pupils can still succeed even if they don't conform negative labelling doesn't always lead to failure and exile you can reject your label as the girls did and prove society wrong

Question 32

How is a subculture formed?

Answer 32

Racialised expectations Labelling by a teacher Acceptance of a label Self-fulfilling prophecy Pupil Subcultures

Question 33

What did Sewell examine about subcultures

Answer 33

responses and strategies as to how black pupils cope with racism The Rebels The Innovators

Question 34

How did The Rebels react?

Answer 34

a small group, but the most influential rejected goals and rules of the school and formed anti-school subcultures

Question 35

How did The Innovators react?

Answer 35

Pro education, but anti school valued success but did not seek the approval of teachers and conformed only as far as school work

Question 36

How did teachers see the stereotype of black boys

Answer 36

rebels anti school, anti authority contributes to underachievement of black boys as although only the minority seen this way

Question 37

How would you evaluate Subcultures and their impact on underachievement

Answer 37

equal opportunities policies mean open racism is less likely no discrimination in the work place etc equality act 2010 scarcity of teachers from ethnic backgrounds more black cleaners than teachers

Question 38

What is an Ethnocentric Curriculum?

Answer 38

An attitude or policy that give priority to the viewpoint of one particular ethnic group, disregarding others some argue the education system is bias towards a white western culture

Question 39

What did Troyna and Williams 1986 discover

Answer 39

Prioritised cultures British school give pov to white culture and English language Largely ignore non-European languages Even our subjects follow white styles

Question 40

How has there been a reductio in ethnocentrism in the curriculum

Answer 40

decolonisation of the curriculum studies were 40 years ago uniform policies are way more detailed now

Question 41

What did Wright discover about Ethnocentrism?

Answer 41

primary school found that Asian pupils are subject of teacher labelling passive and no action taken

Question 42

How would you evaluate Wright's study?

Answer 42

Indian and Chinese students achieve above average but don't receive same treatment as Asian If groups do so well, how is it institutional? Cultural capital based on class and parents opinions towards the educational systems

Question 43

What are 3 ways there is ethnocentrism in our schools

Answer 43

Organisation and structure of calendar Food and service in cafe Uniform

Question 44

What is Marketisation?

Answer 44

gives schools the opportunity to select pupils so negative stereotypes can influence decisions about admissions all schools have admissions policies

Question 45

What did Moore and Davenport 90 discover?

Answer 45

selection procedures mean ethnic segregation primary schools screen out students with language barriers

Question 46

How would you evaluate Marketisation?

Answer 46

equal opportunities policies, schools must select fairly and recruit everyone equally more to do with gender not ethnicity, girls are desirable due to strong exam results

Question 47

What is Assessment and the new IQism- Gillborn?

Answer 47

assessments are rigged to validate dominant white cultures superiority baseline assessments show black ahead of white, but replaced by foundation stage profile which is based on teacher judgements

Question 48

What are Foundation Stage Profiles?

Answer 48

a report of children's attainment based on teachers opinion of child

Question 49

How did Gillborn explain white students constantly doing better than black?

Answer 49

FSP was based on teacher judgement entirely, opportunity for stereotyping FSP done at the end of the year, baseline done at the beginning

Question 50

What do secondar schools use?

Answer 50

IQ old style intelligence tests black pupils are seen as having lower potential so placed in lower streams

Question 51

How can you evaluate new Iqism?

Answer 51

Sewell- too much focus on internal process, see external factors like anti school subcultures and absence of fathers Cultural deprivation plays a role as black students lack intelligence and linguistic skills deemed desirable

Question 52

What is Access to Opportunities- Gillborn?

Answer 52

gifted and talented programmes meet needs of high achievers twice as many white students as black Tikly 06- black students entered for lower exams Strand 12- white black achievement gap in maths and science aged 14

Question 53

How would you evaluate access to opportunities?

Answer 53

Davis and Moore- meritocratic society so everyone has equal options to gain via hard work and ability, if black is entered into low, its because they aren't as clever. some inequality is necessary to keep all roles in society filled teachers taught about unconscious bias and how to avoid stereotypes of it objective criteria used to identify talent in areas