1.28 Biochemistry of the muscles Flashcards
List the types of muscle fibre
- Slow twitch, Type-I
- Fast twitch, Type-IIA
- Intermediate fast, Type-IIB
- Cardiac muscle (Aerobic)
Slow Twitch muscle:
- Contraction speed
- Myoglobin content
- Glycogen content
- Mitochondria
- Fatigue
- Respiratory activity
- Example
- Contraction speed: Slow
- Myoglobin content: High
- Glycogen content: Low
- Mitochondria: Many
- Fatigue: Slow
- Respiratory activity: High
- Example: M. gluteus
Fast Twitch muscle:
- Contraction speed
- Myoglobin content
- Glycogen content
- Mitochondria
- Fatigue
- Respiratory activity
- Example
- Contraction speed: Quick
- Myoglobin content: Low
- Glycogen content: High
- Mitochondria: Few
- Fatigue: Quick
- Respiratory activity: Low
- Example: M. gastrocnemius
Intermediate fast Twitch muscle:
- Contraction speed
- Myoglobin content
- Glycogen content
- Mitochondria
- Fatigue
- Respiratory activity
- Contraction speed: Quick
- Myoglobin content: Low
- Glycogen content: High
- Mitochondria: Intermediate
- Fatigue: Intermediate
- Respiratory activity: Low
Cardiac muscle:
- Contraction speed
- Myoglobin content
- Glycogen content
- Mitochondria
- Fatigue
- Respiratory activity
- Contraction speed: Continuous
- Myoglobin content: High
- Glycogen content: Stable
- Mitochondria: Many
- Fatigue: Continuous function
- Respiratory activity: High
Draw the source of ATP for muscle contraction
Adipose tissue composition
- Fat: 80%
- Protein: 20%
- Carb: <1%
Function of brown adipose tissue
Heat production, instead of ATP
(Thermogenin)
Fat as an energy source in a marathon runner
- Glycogen: Energy for 15 mins
- Later: Fat is oxidised
Give the biochemical pathways in the white adipose tissue
- FA synthesis
- Lipogenesis
- Lipolysis
- FA beta-oxidation
- Glycolysis
- Ketolysis
What can pass the blood brain barrier?
- O2, CO2, NH3
- Glucose
- Ketone bodies
- Some Amino acids
- Short, unsaturated fatty acids
What can’t pass the blood brain barrier?
Proteins + Fatty acids
Biochemistry of the brain
α-ketoglutarate is removed from the citrate cycle → bound to NH3 to form glutamate
Ammonia detoxification is the reason for neural symptoms
The brain consumes …% of the bodies oxygen
20
The brain consumes …% of glucose released from the liver
60-75%
List the biochemical pathways in the brain
- Glycolysis
- Ketolysis
- Fat synthesis
- Non-essential amino acid + protein synthesis
Glucose is taken up by the kidney using which transporters?
- SGLT-1
- SGLT-2
Which biochemical pathways exist in the kidney
- Glycogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycolysis
- GNG
- Ketolysis
- Beta oxidation
Give the glutaminase activity of the kidney
Gln + H2O → Glu + NH3
→NH4 is then excreted by the urine
