1.10 Metabolism of fructose and galactose Flashcards
1
Q
Synthesis of fructose is called…
A
Fructogenesis
2
Q
Give the steps of fructogenesis
A
- Glucose
- Sorbitol
- Fructose
3
Q
A
- Aldose reductase
- NADH + H+ → NAD+
4
Q
A
- Sorbitol dehydrogenase
- NAD+ → NADH + H+
5
Q
Draw fructogenesis
A
6
Q
Draw fructolysis in humans
A
7
Q
Draw fructolysis in animals
A
8
Q
Fructogenesis occurs in which location(s)?
A
- Placenta of ungulates
- Seminal vesicle
Cytoplasm
9
Q
Give the types of fructolysis
A
- Endogenous
- Placenta of un.
- Seminal vesicle
- Exogenous
- Sucrose → Fructose + glucose
10
Q
Give the steps of fructolysis (Oxidised in animals)
A
- Fructose
- Fructose-1-phosphate
- Glyceraldehyde
- Glycerate
- Glycerate-2-phosphate
- GL/GNG
11
Q
Fructolysis occurs in which location(s)?
A
Liver cytoplasm
Absorption into the liver via GLUT-5
12
Q
Give the steps of fructolysis (Reduced in humans)
A
- Fructose
- Fructose-1-phosphate
- Glyceraldehyde
- Glycerol
- Glycerol-3-phosphate
- Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
- GNG/GL
13
Q
A
- Fructokinase
- ATP → ADP
14
Q
A
Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase
15
Q
A
Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase
16
Q
A
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase
- H2O →
- NAD+ → NADH + H+
Oxidation - Animals
17
Q
A
- Glycerate kinase
- ATP → ADP
Oxidation - Animals
18
Q
Draw galactolysis
A
19
Q
A
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase
- NADH + H+ → NAD+
20
Q
A
- Glycerol kinase
- ATP → ADP
21
Q
A
- Glycerol-3-phosphate DH
- NAD+ → NADH + H+
22
Q
Draw galactogenesis
A
23
Q
Sources of galactose
A
- Lactose
- Chondroitin sulphate
24
Q
Give the steps of galactogenesis → Forming lactose
A
- Glucose
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-1-phosphate
- UDP Glucose
- 1-UDP-galactose
- Lactose-1-phosphate
- Lactose
25
Give the steps of galactogenesis → Forming chondroitin sulphate
1. Glucose
2. Glucose-6-phosphate
3. Glucose-1-phosphate
4. UDP Glucose
5. _1-UDP-galactose_
6. 2-amino-1-UDP-galactose
7. N-acetyl-2-amino-1-UDP-galactose
8. Chondroitin
26
* Hexokinase
* ATP → ADP
27
Phosphoglucomutase
28
* UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
* UTP → PPi
29
4-epimerase
30
* Lactose-1-phosphate synthase
* Glu-1-p → UDP
31
* Lactose-1-phosphate phosphatase
* → Pi
32
Gln → Glu
33
AcCoA → HSCoA
34
UDP-glucuronate → UDP
35
Galactogenesis occurs in...
* Mammary gland (Lactose)
* Bone/cartilage (Chondroitin sulphate)
36
Lactolysis occurs in...
Small intestine
37
Give the steps of galactolysis
1. Galactose
2. Galactose-1-phosphate
3. UDP-galactose
4. UDP-glucose
38
* Galactokinase
* ATP → ADP
39
* Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl-transferase
* UDP-glucose → Glucose-1-phosphate
40
4-epimerase
41
After galactolysis, the UDP-glucose is used in...
* Glycogenesis
* Chondroitin sulphate
* Lactogenesis
42
Give the composition of milk
* Dry matter = 13 %
* Milk protein = 3.3 %
* Milk fat = 3.5 %
* Milk sugar = 4.8%
* Water = 87%
43
List the proteins found in milk
* Casein
* α-lactalbumins
* β-lactalbumins
* Milk serum albumin
* Immunoglobulins
44
List the fats found in milk
* Triacylglycerols
* FFA
* Cholesterol
45
Effect of cellulose on milk fat
1. Cellulose ↑
2. Saliva production ↑
3. pH ↑
4. Microbial growth ↑
5. Milk fat ↑
46
Effect of forage on milk fat
1. Forage ↑
2. Starch ↑
3. pH ↓
4. Propionic acid ↑
5. Milk fat ↓
