12-19-FINAL EXAM 7AM to 9:50AM

Question 0

Women’s Bureau, United Auto Workers (UAW)

Answer 0

+ Developed an agenda of change based on the complaints and appeals from women throughout the international union
+ They saw broad patterns of the ways in which protective laws were used to discriminate against women.
+ Unrealistic restrictions on hours or weight-lifting kept women out of higher paying jobs and promotions
Simply by adding a single instance of lifting over the prescribed weight limit a company could change a job from “female” to “male.”
+ Opposed discrimination against married women
+ attempts to eliminate separate seniority lists and job classifications based on sex won little favor
+ worked to increase women’s participation in ways encouraging loyalty to the union local without facilitating women’s own solidarity
+ A key environment in which the realities of work for women in industry could become visible

Question 1

Empire Zine Company Strike

Answer 1

answer

Question 2

Daughters of Bilitis (DOB)

Answer 2

+ Founded on September 21, 1955 by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon, a lesbian couple living in San Francisco
+ Named for a poet who was supposed to have lived on the Greek island of Lesbos in the time of the lesbian poet Sappho
+ First lesbian organization.
+ They sought to create “a home for the Lesbian. She can come here to find help, friendship, acceptance and support.
_ Constituency of DOB remained small, primarily professional women who could afford the risks and who disliked the working-class ambience of bars

Question 3

Rosa Parks

Answer 3

Refused to move to the back of the bus in the fall of 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama
+ Local Women’s Political Council immediately put the bus boycott into action; something that had been discussed for more than a year. Flyers made overnight by Joanne Robinson of Alabama State College, where she was an english professor

Question 4

Ella Baker

Answer 4

+ Worked with Rosa Parks organizing NAACP chapters in Alabama
+ Set up an office in Atlanta for the SCLC working on the voter registration project called “Crusade for Citizenship” as a process fo movement building.
+ Ran office for two and a half years

Question 5

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 5

+ Supreme Court ruling that outlawed school segregation

Question 6

Daisy Bates

Answer 6

+ President of the Little Rock, AK NAACP
+ In 1957 won a suit to require the integration of Little Rock High School
+ When Gov. Orville Faubus called out the National Guard to prevent the black students entry, Pres. Eisenhower sent in the federal troops to protect them

Question 7

Betty Friedan

Answer 7

+ Wrote “the Feminine Mystique”

+ Cofounded

Question 8

McCarthyism

Answer 8

answer

Question 9

HUAC

Answer 9

+ House Unamerican Activities Committee
+ Published a pamphlet to warn people about the dangers of the communist conspiracy to conquer and rule the world and particularly about the “deadly danger” of communists in the schools. Explaining why school teachers (presumably mostly female) constituted such a dangerous population, the pamphlet quoted John Hanna, a Columbia Professor: “The girls’ schools and women’s colleges contain some of the most loyal disciples of Russia. Teachers there are often frustrated females. They have gone through bitter struggles to attain their positions. A political dogma based on hatred expresses their personal attitudes.” “…the Communists have always found the teaching group the easiest touch of all the professional classes.”
+

Question 10

SNCC

Answer 10

+ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
+ Martin Luther King’s organization
+ Embodies the goals of the movement, “the beloved community”
* Blacks claim their dignity and citizenship rights regardless of intimidation or violence
+ Blacks and whites would live and work together equally
+ women lead demonstrations against segregation
+ organized communities for voter registration
+ refused bail, experienced jail again and again

Question 11

WSP (Women Strike for Peace)

Answer 11

+ Founded by Dagmar Wilson
+ HUAC accused WSP of being infiltrated by communists
+ Put an end to the HUAC with unconventional response to committee
+ Middle-class housewives who proclaimed their concern for peace in the name of mother love

Question 12

Fannie Lou Hammer

Answer 12

+ Lost her job for registering to vote
+ Founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
+ Organized citizenship schools and voter registration projects
+ Endured beatings in Jail

Question 13

Jesse Lopez de la Cruz

Answer 13

+ Was a migrant worker for decades
+ Was 43 when she joined Cesar Chavez in 1962 as a volunteer organizer
+ Joined the staff of the United Farm Workers in 1967, saw her principal task as bringing women into the union. She was a feminist by virtue of her life…

Question 14

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

Answer 14

+ Formed in 1961 by President Kennedy
+ Esther Peterson got Kennedy to form the commission
+ Charged with investigating obstacles to the full participation of women in society.
+ Eleanor Roosevelt serves as chair until her death a year later
+ Its report “American Women (1963) was conservative in tone, acknowledging the

Question 15

1964 Civil Rights Act

Answer 15

+ Made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of race
+ Jobs broadened for black women as they gained access to jobs previously only available to white women.
+

272,276

Question 16

NOW

Answer 16

+ National Organization of Women

+ Formed in 19

Question 17

Women’s Liberation

Answer 17

answer

Question 18

Consciousness-Raising

Answer 18

+ Main organizing outreach of women’s liberation
+ Allowed women to politicize the personal “The Personal Is Political”
+ Completely decentralized

Question 19

NWPC

Answer 19

+ National Women’s Poliltical Caucus
+ Founded by Shirley Chisholm, Betty Friedan and Bella Abzug in 1971
+ A bipartisan organiztion intended to increase female visibility and participation in the political arena
+ Increased women’s participation in both the Democratic and Republican parties
+ Both political parties adopted the NWPC platform including ratification of the ERA, anti-discrimination legislation, elimination of tax inequities, educational equity for women, and extension of the Equal Pay Act

Question 20

Roe v. Wade

Answer 20

answer

Question 21

Nine-to-Five and Women Employed

Answer 21

answer

Question 22

CLUW

Answer 22

+ Coaliton of Labor Union Women founded in 1974 by 3000 women from fifty-eight unions
+ Resolved to fight for equality in the workplace and within organized labor.

Question 23

Phyllis Schlafly

Answer 23

+ A powerful leader of the anti-feminist movement

+ Wrote a newsletter called the “Phyllis Schlafly Report”

Question 24

Third Wave Feminism

Answer 24

answer

Question 25

The Anita Hill Effect

Answer 25

+ The obvious ineptitude and harassment of Anita Kill by the committee resulted in a new wave of activism on the part of women from private homes to political campaigns…
+ The number of women running for office rose sharply
+ Grass-roots support for women candidates doubled and tripled
+ Contributions to National Women’s Political Caucus, Women’s Campaign Fund and Emily’s List grew exponentially

328

Question 26

Rush Limbaugh

Answer 26

Massagenistic talk-show host

Question 27

COPS

Answer 27

answer

Question 28

Reaganomics

Answer 28

p309-11

Question 29

Yuppies

Answer 29

Young, upwardly-mobile professionals

Question 30

The special and political context surrounding the introduction of “the pill” in 1960; what was the basis/grounding of the arguments for and against open access to unmarried women?

Answer 30

p265-6, 281-2

Question 31

The ways in which anticommunism affected understandings of gender and expressions of sexuality in the 1950s; explain the Cold War, Feminine Mystique

Answer 31

p246-50,25,275

Question 32

The ways in which a developing consumer economy (along with marketing and advertising) affected the lives of women throughout the 20th century (particularly the 1920s and 1950s)

Answer 32

answer

Question 33

In what ways did the dominate ideology of domesticity that emerged in the post-WWII era “deal” with women who had filled men’s jobs during the war? How did it deal with the fact that the number of women who worked continued to rise?

Answer 33

+ Women in the workforce had approached the norm

+ A new definition of the housewife’s role: child-centered, consumer conscious, and fully responsible for all housework

Question 34

What signs were there in the 1950s of the radical changes that would take place in the 1960s?

Answer 34

answer

Question 35

The middle-class ideologies that constrained the choices of poor black mothers who appealed to the courts for child support

Answer 35

answer

Question 36

Differences between the more “conservative” elements within NOW and the younger, radical members of the women’s liberation movement

Answer 36

+ NOW: p277-8, 283, 287, 288,296, 300, 305-6, 315, 326

+ Wmn”s Lib: 279-285, 287, 295

Question 37

What advances came out of the Civil Rights Movement for Black women and Chicanas? What disadvantages did these women continue to face?

Answer 37

p264-5,270,272

Question 38

Analyze the different arguments of essentialist/maternalist/cultural feminism vs. “academic” feminism and those that didn’t emphasize gender difference (1970s/80s and onwards)

Answer 38

+ academic feminism: p300-1, 322

find more from Women In America

Question 39

Describe the ways in which the 1980s was a decade of both backlash against feminism and the survival/continuation of feminism.

Answer 39

+ With the election of Reagan, he worked to reverse the changes made by the EEOC and replaced people put in office by his predecessor.
+

Question 40

Many women experienced the Great Depression in ways that were different from most men. Discuss these differences by using the Social Security Act and the practice of abortion to explain the “gendered” experiences of Americans during the Great Depression.

Answer 40

• The Social security Act systematically locked out married women wage earners, black women domestic workers, non-coninuous wage earners (farm/seasonal workers and anyone who didn’t earn $200 or more a year from one employer - So large swaths of women were disenfrancised
• Women lost their jobs, if they were married becasue 80% of Americans believed that married women shouldn’t work.
• Economic concerns became legitimate reasons for theraputic abortions- and abortion-physicians were widespread and available with physician referrals - married women had abortions later, after the births of wanted children while single women had abortions earlier such that they didn’t have to marry and lose much-needed jobs

Question 41

Use three different examples and explain the effect that “science,” technological “progress,” and the authority of “experts” had on women. One of your examples must come from the in-class handout on advertisements for women’s beauty products. Be sure to identify time periods.

Answer 41

• Male doctors came into their power and proclaimed that childbirth, abortion and the best child-rearing practices guarding children’s health rested in their hands. It became common practice to give birth in hospitals. Midwifery became outlawed in some places and abortions were practiced by male doctors through doctor referrals throughout the 1930s.
• Electricity replaces servants through washing machines thereby isolating women in homes.
• Advertising becomes rampant telling women to “change their face” through scientific discoveries of ingredients in facial creams and cosmetics; giving rise to the ‘youth culture’ that defined the 1920s.

Question 42

Describe the historical context surrounding the proposal of the Equal Rights Amendment, and develop in detail two historical arguments (in other words, the reasoning used during the 1920s) for the ERA and two arguments against the ERA

Answer 42

Up until the push for the ERA - Women fought for the vote based on gender differences; arguing that politics needed the moral superiority and “motherhood” brought by and embodied by women - This led to protective legislation. The ERA said “hey, we are all equal.” This was a new thought. Women wanted equal access to jobs and the right to compete with men. Of course, the argument that women were NOT equal - they didn’t have the intellectual capacities of men - they could lift as much or work as long - and 2) Women’s reproductive capacities must be protected were the 2 major arguments against the ERA

Question 43

In what ways did the “Maternal Commonwealth” establish new ideals for women?

Answer 43

Educated women were needed to raise republican sons

+ Women were the pure ones…

Question 44

The years between the end of the Civil War and the end of the Great Depression marked a period full of significant changes for women, and most historians argue that these changes represented advancement and progress, but largely for middle and upper-class white women. In general terms describe the major changes and transitions for women during this period, and then specifically describe the ways in which racial or class minorities did or did not benefit from these changes.

Answer 44

+ Women got the vote
+ Social Security Act happened
+ protective labor laws were enacted
+ Advertising really began to have a significant impact

Question 45

In the years between the Civil War and the Great Depression, the meaning that Americans gave to the definition of the female gender changed significantly in term of proper behavior, appearance, and social roles. Choose four examples and develop in detail what femininity meant over these decades; most importantly, make an argument about why society chose to ascribe various meanings to the idea of the female gender and what purpose these definitions served at particular points in time.

Answer 45

answer

Question 46

When and why did a sexual double standard and the emphasis on female chastity develop in American society?

Answer 46

Re-answer this question

With the antebellum era from 1820-1845 women contributed to the content of what republican motherhood meant. As women were tasked to hold the moral high ground they embraced this with a belief in thier own moral superiority. Women in the month indicted men on the sexual double standard and fought to stop prostitution while holding the view that prostitutes where their “fallin’ sisters. To embody this moral superiority they advocated for female chastity. As a result, illigitimate births plummeted. f

Question 47

How and why did theories about republicanism and the Enlightenment lead to changing roles for women after the Revolutionary War ended? Briefly discuss the life of Martha Ballard and explain whethe rof not her role in her family changed as a result of the Revolutionary War. Explain what the example of Martha Ballard tells us about the economic role women played during the Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary Era.

Answer 47

The Revolutionary Era discarded a belief in the inherited power of wealth and instead believed in the merits of the individual. The Revolution solidified the idea of government being informed and permitted by the people who are governed. This did not include women. Women were relegated to the role of republican motherhood. Martha Ballard moved to the frontier of Maine with her family. She raised daughters to do the hard work of housekeeping. She worked as a nurse, healer and midwife for her meighbors and community. The concept of public and private spheres seemed to have little impact on the day-to-day life of women. Women still belonged to their husbands. Women on the Frontier stood as economic partners wht their husbands this was also true in urban environments where women traded for goods made extra money with domestic jobs and knew how to scrounge for food. They knew how to stretch a dollar.

Question 48

Describe the ways in which the Civil War changed life for Southern white women. Also describe the effects that the war had on Southern black women (events during the war itself, not after the war), and the way in which black women had an effect on the meaning and outcome of the war.

Answer 48

During the Antebellum Era, southern women became isolated on plantations. Chastity became highly prized and any hint of impropriety could ruin a woman. All of this happened inside the knowledge that men had sexual access to slaves. White women were to be protected, they were considered “delicate,” during the civil war the men went off to war leaving these women in control of the Plantations and the slave system that made their way of life work, southern women, struggled with the violence necessary to keep the slave system working. Southern black women did what they could to escape with their children. They would join the camp followers of union soldiers and act as a constant reminder that the civil war was being fought to free slaves.

Question 49

Use 3 specific examples to illustrate the way in which the discussion of, expression of, and use of women’s sexuality changed between the early 1600s and 1865. You are required to discuss “Searcher Again Assembled” (T Hall) and “Some Could Suckle Over their Shoulder”; the third example is of your choosing.

Answer 49

answer

Question 50

Many historians argue that the Industrial Revolution of the late 1700s and early 1800s had a more “revolutionary” effect on American society than the actual “American Revolution” (the War of Independence). Explain why the Industrial Revolution is considered to be such a significan event and describe the different effects it had on black, white, indigenous, working-class, and middle-class women.

Answer 50

answer

Question 51

In the years between the first European settlements of the early 1600s and the antebellum period of the 1840s, the definitions of “public,” “private,” “political” and “domestic” changed significantly. Explain the religious, political, social, and economic changes that occurred during these years; explain how these four categories came to be associated with either male or female characteristics; and lastly explain how different groups of women were affected in similar or different ways by these changing ideas.

Answer 51

answer

Question 52

I’ve made an argument this semester that we miss some very significant information if we do not use primary sources in historical study–for example, we miss the ways in which individuals resist systems of oppression. Consider the primary sources we’ve discussed or read (the birthing statistics from enslaved women to colonial Virginia, court documents from divorce cases in early Puritan communities, Sarah WinnemuccaLs autobiography, the crafts excape narrative, and Polly Shine’s slave narrative). First describe the pertinent social/cultural context for each individual/group, and then make an argument about whethere these sources do indeed show us how women resisted assumption about their race, class, and gender.

Answer 52

answer

Question 53

Why were the changes championed by feminism effective at this time?

Answer 53

There were changes integrated into laws that were passed by congress that allowed for legal remedies to discrimination
+ For the first time, the government was actually looking at gender discrimination due to the “Status on Women Commission” formed in 1961
+ Women took education, government and corporations to court over discrimination issues and won

Question 54

Were the changes realized by feminism in the 70s long-lasting?

Answer 54

In many arenas the answer is yes… rape crisis centers, women’s shelters, women’s health clinics, planned parenthood, abortion rights (though stripped in some states still exist

Question 55

Shortcomings of women’s lib

Answer 55

Didn’t sufficiently protect the livelihood of divorcing women. It took courts and the states a long time to hold deadbeat dad’s accountable.
+

Question 56

Constraints set by larger political/economic context?

Answer 56

War and recession and Phyllis Shaffly

Question 57

All of these efforts, however, by emphasizing women as a group, obscured differences among women along lines of race, class, and. Ethnicity.

Answer 57

Answered above

Question 58

“In claiming that ‘the personal is political’ the women’s liberation movement had attempted to personalize public life. In so doing, it had neglected the realities of political discourse and processes. Feminist ideas and practices demanded a rethinking of political power, as a fact of life subject to challenge and change but never obliteration,and of public life as an arena where difference and contention are constantly in play.”

Answer 58

Answer above

Question 59

How did African American women’s ideas of equal rights and reform differ from white women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Answer 59

answer

Question 60

The Civil Rights Movement

Answer 60

+ Transformed parts of the south between 1960 and 1967
+ Eliminated teh humiliations of public segregation
+ Integrated school systems
+ Empowered Black voters
+ Public opinion shifted decisively toward a belief that racial discrimination was wrong
+ The Civil Rights Act in 1964 made it illegal.

Question 61

The Feminine Mystique

Answer 61

+ Written by Betty Friedan
+ Blames educators, advertisers, Freudian psychologists, and functionalist sociologist for forcing women out of public life and into a passive and infantilizing domesticity
+ Friedan advocated meaningful work outside the home as the solution to “the problem that has no name.”